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Rad nastoji problematizirati socijalno relevantno, ali politički zanemareno pitanje siromaštva među starijim ženama. Podatci pokazuju da je siromaštvo među ženama izazov za većinu zemalja članica Europske unije i izvan nje. Ipak, ono se ne može objasniti bez razumijevanja rodno specifičnog tijeka života žena. Razlike između starijih žena i muškaraca predočujemo prema riziku od siromaštva i uspoređujemo ih s onima u zemljama članicama EU-a. Rad se temelji na sekundarnim podatcima, tj. na Istraživanju dohotka i životnih uvjeta (EU SILC) koji omogućuju usporedbe između zemalja članica EU-a. Ustanovili smo da se rodna razlika u riziku od siromaštva povećava u starijoj dobi. Stopa rizika od siromaštva za žene mnogo je veća u Sloveniji nego u drugim zemljama članicama EUa. Razlika je posebno velika u dobnoj skupini žena starijih od 75 godina. Slovenija nije bila uspješna u rješavanju problema rizika od siromaštva jer nije uvela posebne mjere za smanjivanje općeg rizika od siromaštva i smanjivanje rodne razlike. ; This article aims to problematize a socially relevant, but politically overlooked issue of poverty among older women. Data show that poverty among women is a challenge for most EU countries and wider. However, it cannot be explained without understanding gender-specific life courses of women. We present the differences between older women and men in terms of the risk of poverty and compare them with those in EU countries. The article is based on secondary data, i.e. the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC), which enable comparisons among EU countries. We have established that the gender gap in terms of risk of poverty widens in old age. The at-risk-of-poverty rate for women is much higher in Slovenia than in other EU states. The gap is especially large in the age group 75 and over. Slovenia has not been successful in coping with the risk of poverty problem, because it failed to introduce special measures to reduce the general risk of poverty and gender gap.

The Turkish history huge efforts aimed at modernization and determination to equal Western European countries in the fi eld of respecting human rights. The secularisation process carried out during the Mustafa Kemal Pasha resulted in Turkey being the only Muslim country, were the principle of separation of religion from the state is obligatory (at least formally). The last military coup (in 1980), activities of non-governmental organizations and the infl uence of the European Union in relation to the accession process resulted in gradual improvement of the situation of women in Turkey. The European Union indirectly supported opposition feminist's movement which emerged in new political situation. Nevertheless, gender segregation is still visible on the streets of Istanbul and in the workplaces - women are employed in places less exposed to social contacts, they are paid lower pay, and they often work in the informal sector without a benefi t of social security. Finally, it is worth to point out some similarities between Poland and Turkey. At the beginning of XX century agriculture and monotheistic religion dominated in both countries. Both countries, albeit for different reasons, reclaimed independence after World War I. In both countries strong leaders took over, reforming and modernizing the country. Both leaders, Józef Piłsudski and Mustafa Kemal sympathised with the postulates of female organizations in respect to voting rights and access to education35. For many years, in both countries the dominant role model for women was a mother (also mother of the nation) or a virgin. However, following different ideologies, equality of women in employment was promoted. In Poland and in Turkey gender inequality in marriage has never been opposed, while the phenomenon of domestic violence was concealed. Moreover, in the eighties and nineties of the XX century, both countries: Turkey and Poland underwent liberalizing political changes. Women have become their benefi - ciaries, but they also have been their motive power. ...

Each election year in Croatia is an occasion for comparing the social guidelines & the practice. To what extent is the policy of gender equality applied to the participation of women in political decision-making at the parliamentary level in Croatia? Modest results are not an exception: almost in all countries there is the gap between the two. Nevertheless, the extent of the participation in older democratic countries is on the average somewhat higher, which can be attributed to the influence of the egalitarian concept of gender roles & the proportional electoral system. In younger democratic countries, including Croatia, the average is somewhat lower due to the significance of socio-economic factors. In some countries a higher level of participation can for the time being be achieved only via the mechanisms of affirmative action i.e. quotas. Therefore, for Croatia it is essential to achieve the "critical mass" of women in its parliament, which can be brought about by introducing quotas at the party level, by democratic selective procedures of nominating candidates, & by putting up candidates of both genders on the party lists, which means that the highest percentages of women in the parliament can be expected from modern parties promoting the deliberate regulation of the above processes. References. Adapted from the source document.

The main goal of the paper is presents the main directions of women local leaders' activities aimed at implementing public policies in rural municipalities. The article uses the results of empirical research (postal questionnaire and in-depth interviews). Research shows, due to the process of socialization and the issues stereotypically assigned to the female gender, (women perceive the implementation of public tasks differently), not only those related to education policy, senior policy, cultural policy, and to rural development policy.

U radu se razmatra odnos spolnog i jezičnog te njihov međusobni utjecaj unutar područja političke filozofije, lingvistike i teorije teksta, u pojedinim djelima Adriane Cavarero. Najprije se polazi od spoznaja poststrukturalističke teorije teksta, psihoanalitičkog feminizma i psiholingvistike, koje se potom proširuju rezultatima iz područja političke filozofije, s posebnim naglaskom na antičke tekstove. Analizom odabranih ulomaka Cavarerina opusa otvorit će se pitanje odnosa rodnog, spolnog i tekstualnog. Na temelju kritičkog čitanja Cavarerinih djela, teorijske literature i rezultata analize polaznih i ciljnih tekstova, donijet će se zaključak o utjecaju spolnosti na jezik i kulturu, odnosno o utjecaju jezika i kulturnih simbola na društvene i rodne uloge. ; The paper examines the relationship between the sexual and linguistic and their mutual influence within the fields of political philosophy, linguistics, and theory of text, in selection from Adriana Cavarero's work. First, we begin from the knowledge of poststructuralist text theory, psychoanalytic feminism and psycholinguistics, which are later expanded with the results from political philosophy with special emphasis on ancient texts. Cavarero's texts are being analysed to describe the features through which the relationship between gender, sex and text is established. Through a critical exploration of Cavarero's texts and previous theoretical discussions and the analysis results, a conclusion about the influence of the sexual on language and culture and the influence of language and cultural symbols on social and gender roles is reached.

Participation research as the answer to the assumptions of the social model of disability?

The social model of disability, the requirement for the subjective treatment of participants in social research and the availability of research subjects to the research process, resulting from the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, put researchers before the need to seek new research strategies that grasp the world of meanings of the respondents. The model of participatory research, which seems also appropriate for capturing the intersectionality of the gender and disability, seems to meet these challenges.
Key words: women with intellectual disabilities, qualitative research, inclusive research

The study explains the nature and strength of the influence of the determinants of fear of crime. According to other studies gender, age, education, place of residence, material status, worldview and religious orientation, victimization influence the level of fear of crime. In order to verify the impact of these factors, the CATREG analysis technique was used. Variables such as the level of anomie, crime, unemployment and suicide rates were introduced, as an original author's concept. A model of factors influencing fear of crime was created. The most important element of it turned out to be prior victimization, as well as – to a lesser extent – negative attitudes towards state institutions that are to ensure safety and the occupation.

The central features of the political "profile" of European women at the beginning of this decade were a diminished interest in politics, infrequent inclusion of political topics in private conversations, & decreased willingness to adopt a political option. Compared to other European countries, Croatia projects an entirely different image: a pronounced interest of women in politics, very similar to that of men! This partly proves the "law" that a rise in level of education, working outside home, & middle age are the catalysts for women's desire to enter the world of politics. The transition, the war, & the "legacy" of socialist ideology account for this massive public interest in politics & the much lessened gender differences. 14 Tables, 5 References. Adapted from the source document.

The central features of the political "profile" of European women at the beginning of this decade were a diminished interest in politics, infrequent inclusion of political topics in private conversations, & decreased willingness to adopt a political option. Compared to other European countries, Croatia projects an entirely different image: a pronounced interest of women in politics, very similar to that of men! This partly proves the "law" that a rise in level of education, working outside home, & middle age are the catalysts for women's desire to enter the world of politics. The transition, the war, & the "legacy" of socialist ideology account for this massive public interest in politics & the much lessened gender differences. 14 Tables, 5 References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of the study is to present the situation of professional activity of women in the ICT industry (information and communication technology) and the industry of selected tourist services in the countries of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) which are EU member states. The Baltic Sea Region forms one of the micro-regions of the European Union for which special strategies are formulated. These strategies aim, among others, to strengthen transnational cooperation, which can as a result lead to greater territorial cohesion and potential of the region. The research was conducted as part of the WINNET (Winnet Centre of Excellence) project, and more precisely, within the scope of measure defined as: WP4 – Gender analysis of the SMEs in ICT and tourism in the BSR – quantitative approach. The research covered analysis of the structure and dynamics of employment rates by gender in the indicated industries. Because of the guidelines formulated in the Europe 2020 strategy, the analysis focussed on the 20-64 age group1 . The analysis takes into account 8 countries from the Baltic Sea Region that are EU member states: Germany, Denmark, Finland, Sweden (the so-called old member states designated as BSR-EU15) and Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (states from the group that acceded to the EU after 2003, hereinafter referred to as BSR-NM10). (fragment of the text) ; Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie sytuacji związanej zaktywnością zawodową kobiet wsektorze ICT (technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych) oraz wsektorze wybranych usług turystycznych wpaństwach Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego (BSR) należących do Unii Europejskiej. Region Morza Bałtyckiego stanowi jeden zmakroregionów UE, dla których są formułowane specjalne strategie. Strategie te mają na celu m.in. zacieśnienie współpracy transnarodowej, co wrezultacie może prowadzić do zwiększenia spójności terytorialnej oraz potencjału regionu. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone wramach projektu WINNET (Winnet Centre of Excellence), adokładniej wramach działania określonego ...

Over the last hundred years, there have been accomplished visible and beneficial to women changes related to equalization of their chances in the labour market. Thanks to feminist movements of the first and second wave women gained access to education and the right to vote, there was accomplished progress in women's access to the labour market, to business and managerial positions. The data for Poland show that contemporary women are better educated than men and have qualifications adequate for managerial positions at the top executive level - become owners of company or hold positions of presidents and general directors. There are increasingly more studies proving that gender diversity is profitable for companies, as it generates higher effectiveness due to higher efficiency and greater creativity of diversified teams. Facing radical demographic changes resulting with the lower number of successive generations entering the labour market, it is essential to take advantage of the potential of increasingly higher educated women and to treat them as the labour force resource equal to men (and not subordinate). Patriarchy as a social system where women play inferior roles to men is exhausting its significance and ceases to be justified, i.e. it does not facilitate socio-economic development or welfare of societies. It is being replaced with partnership of women and men both at work and in family. Transformation of patriarchy into partnership is a longstanding process, therefore, in order to accelerate it, there are implemented solutions in a form of quotas in politics and business which are actions of interim character - implemented for a determined period in order to achieve faster the goal which is obtaining gender balance in decision-making bodies. ; Na przestrzeni ostatnich stu lat dokonały się dostrzegalne i korzystne dla kobiet zmiany związane z wyrównywaniem ich szans na rynku pracy. Dzięki ruchom feministycznym pierwszej i drugiej fali kobiety uzyskały prawo do edukacji i prawa wyborcze, dokonał się postęp w ...

Although the representation of women in national parliaments has been on the increase since World War Two, the number of women in assemblies has yet to reach 20 percent. The parliaments in which women participate with 30 or 40 percent are most viewed as laudable exceptions rather than (as yet) the unattained objective. The reasons lie in the specific gender obstacles ie., political, socio-economic & socio-cultural factors affecting the entry of women into parliaments. This paper deals with these factors & the consequences of a stronger female representation for the political system & the society on the whole. The author concludes that besides satisfying the ideal of justice the increased share of women in national parliaments may improve the position of women in the society & also strengthen the trust of both women & men in representative institutions. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

Although the representation of women in national parliaments has been on the increase since World War Two, the number of women in assemblies has yet to reach 20 percent. The parliaments in which women participate with 30 or 40 percent are most viewed as laudable exceptions rather than (as yet) the unattained objective. The reasons lie in the specific gender obstacles ie., political, socio-economic & socio-cultural factors affecting the entry of women into parliaments. This paper deals with these factors & the consequences of a stronger female representation for the political system & the society on the whole. The author concludes that besides satisfying the ideal of justice the increased share of women in national parliaments may improve the position of women in the society & also strengthen the trust of both women & men in representative institutions. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author deals with the problem of adjustment to the Bologna process, using the philosophical-political distinctions between open & guided intertraditional exchange, & between utopian & piecemeal social engineering. In his opinion, the process might be perceived as a sort of cultural imperialism that need not be disastrous for its victims. The reform should create the conditions for the organization of serious multidisciplinary studies at the university level (European studies, American studies, gender studies, peace studies, etc). Should changes at the U of Zagreb be implemented systematically, though prudently, the results could be positive. However, the author warns that the role of tradition should not be underestimated nor the possibility of serious quandaries in the implementation of the reform of higher education excluded, even if the changes are introduced gradually. 4 References. Adapted from the source document.