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AbstractThis paper evaluates women characters of Elizabeth Gaskell0's social novels set in England's industrial era. While in some ways a traditional woman of her age, Gaskell assumes responsibility and nurture as a duty of men as well as women, and shows her powerful women escaping gender norms, making her worthy of more notice as a social critic than she often gains.

The hit series Twilight replicates gender stereotypes that sociologists have been debunking for decades. Rebecca Hayes-Smith highlights the gravity of making light of harmful gender messages.

Being a man and a woman are not a question of nature but a system of culture where it is shaped not only by the cultural regime itself, but also by the different political regimes. The change of different political regimes in Indonesia shape the separation of man and woman through a very strict separation into the value of masculine and feminine. However, this dichotomy has been progressively defined in the social practice, especially in the media, literature and everyday discourses, where people start to claim the diversity of gender seen as part of social reality. People start to openly express their identity as gay, lesbian or transgender as part of their personal and social experiences. The questions posed are firstly what are the aspects destabilized in the discourses related to gender orientation? Secondly, what are the aspects changed and maintained in that process of destabilization? In which argument the process of destabilizing gender norm is done during the reformasi era? This article attempts to show how the gender norm longtime believed as an established gender orientation of man and woman is destabilised by different social actors in Indonesia in order to claim the diversity of gender with the interchangeable value of masculine and feminine in the society.

The guilt that mothers feel about the time and energy that they invest in work instead of their family is often proposed to be an important reason for why mothers 'opt-out' the career track. We sought to understand if mothers indeed experience more work-family guilt than fathers and how this relates to both their own gender role beliefs and organizational gender norms across nine European countries. Analyses draw on the European Social Workforce Survey, with data from 2619 working parents nested in 110 organizations in 9 European countries. Results showed that when fathers and mothers work more than a full-time week (a) fathers with traditional gender role beliefs felt less guilty, and (b) especially mothers working in an organization with low support for the parent role of working fathers felt guilty. Explorative analyses showed no effect of national gender norms on gender differences in guilt. Our results are beneficial for organizations and policy makers by showing that guilt in working mothers can be reduced by developing egalitarian organizational norms, in which there is support for the parent role of mothers and fathers, potentially helping mothers to focus on their careers alongside their families.

With copyright reverting to the author the full PDF of Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is now available for free.

With copyright reverting to the author the full PDF of Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is now available for free.