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原著者N. N. V. Gogol ; 譯述者沈佩秋. ; Colophon title. ; Translation of English ed.: Government inspector; original version in Russian (transliterated): Revizor. ; yuan zhu zhe N. N. V. Gogol ; yi shu zhe Shen Peiqiu.

Educational manual contains the basis of the lecture course by discipline "Local government and social work" for students of specialty "Social work", control questions and bibliography to each topic.

戈果理著 ; 唯明譯註. ; 譯自: Revizor. ; 英汉對照. ; Guogeli zhu ; Wei Ming yi zhu. ; Detailed notes in vernacular field only. ; Detailed notes in vernacular field only.

Using the Foucaultian framework, we examine here the basic assumption of the modern and contemporary political order, namely the decisive conception that men are governable. In the genealogical path opened by Michel Foucault we examined the political reworking of what was originally the Judeo-Christian spiritual power of governing souls. For Foucault, the modern political government of men is situated at the intersection of two sets of powers foreshadowed in early Christianity: a) the pastoral art of conducting conduct displaced from the eschatological destination of souls to the calculated management of (biopolitical) biological life and b) the dual production of the knowledge necessary for good governance; the utilitarian production of the truth that serves the pastoral art of government itself and the pure or aleturgical manifestation of the truth with regard to the governable.

As plataformas digitais de governos são percebidas pela literatura como uma ferramenta eficaz para aumentar a entrega de informações, interação com usuários e prestação de serviços de governos, sendo um dos aspectos mais visíveis dos cidadãos em relação à gestão pública. No entanto, a interação dos cidadãos com os governos ainda não está clara. Os efeitos práticos para a condução de um governo eletrônico, capazes de ampliar essa relação, ainda são invisíveis. Este artigo tem o objetivo de fornecer uma compreensão sobre como os portais públicos são utilizados como ferramenta de governo eletrônico em governos locais, destacando como os conceitos relacionados ao governo eletrônico têm sido empregados empiricamente. O estudo adota uma abordagem qualitativa, analisando cinco municípios de uma microrregião do estado da Bahia. As informações foram obtidas por meio de uma triangulação que envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise dos portais e aplicação de questionários de opinião aos cidadãos. As análises indicam uma ausência de ações de convencimento e de processos internos alinhados dos governos, que acabam gerando um descolamento entre a prática e as políticas de governança digital, o que resulta em baixa participação dos cidadãos e desconhecimento dos canais de comunicação governamentais. O estudo contribui para a literatura de governo eletrônico e dá mais informações sobre como pessoas e organizações afetam o uso de tecnologias, fornecendo elementos que podem guiar gestores públicos motivados a aumentar a relação e a comunicação com a sociedade. Destaca-se a necessidade de investigar, no nível organizacional, os fenômenos de transformação digital em governos. ; The literature perceives governments' websites as an effective tool for increasing information delivery, user interaction, and the government services' supply, being the most visible aspects of citizens concerning public management. However, the interaction of citizens with governments is still unclear. The practical implications of conducting e-government, capable of expanding this relationship, are still invisible. This study aims to provide an understanding of how governments' websites are used as an e-government tool in local governments, highlighting how e-government concepts have been empirically employed. The study takes a qualitative approach, examining five municipalities in a microregion in the Brazilian state of Bahia. We gathered the data using a triangulation process that included semi-structured interviews, analysis of the websites, and opinion questionnaires to the citizens. Our research shows that governments lack compelling actions and coordinated internal procedures, resulting in a gap between practice and digital governance policies, resulting in low citizens' participation, and unfamiliarity with government communication channels. The study contributes to the e-government literature by offering further insight into how people and organizations influence technology use, providing elements that can guide motivated public managers to increase relationships and communication with society. We highlight the need to investigate the phenomenon of digital transformation in governments at the organizational level.

O acesso à informação é uma das condições para o desenvolvimento. A comunicação governamental em ambiente digital, que propicia possibilidades amplas de acesso à informação e uma potencialidade de participação é o enfoque desse artigo. O objetivo do artigo é propor parâmetros de análise para avaliação da comunicação governamental oficial em ambiente digital. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, por propor um método a ser testado para validação. O delineamento da pesquisa é bibliográfico e qualitativo. Foram propostos parâmetros para análise de sítios oficiais das unidades da federação, organizados em cinco dimensões e trinta e três itens de análise, e parâmetros de análise para avaliação dos perfis oficiais de unidades da federação nas redes sociais digitais, organizados em seis dimensões e treze itens de avaliação.

Since 2005, the government funding of basic and applied research in Russia has been growing at different rates. However, no impressive results have been reached so far in high-tech production. It's share in total export volume hasn't signiicantly grow. The economy of Russia heavily depends on high-tech imports. Decreasing of the state budget in terms of economic instability and low oil prices leads to new risks and the need to ind new ways of R&D expenditures management in order to increase their effectiveness. The aim is to analyze government spending on applied research in the total research spending, in the context of government programs and codes of budget classiication and to make recommendations for improving the quality of state funding applied research. The methodology is based on analysis of budget expenditures in the context of government programs. The study has focus on the dynamics of changes in public spending on applied research in comparison with the dynamics of change in the total expenditure on science. It has revealed the changes in the amounts of applied research funding under government programs in 2014–2015. Expenditures on applied research are presented with a breakdown as per budget classiication codes. The government expenditures on applied research in the context of government programs of industrial production are analyzed. Recommendations are given how to improve the quality of budgetary spending on applied science.

The self-government today is a qualitatively new phenomenon, which preserved just the old name in the new conditions of privatization of property and privatization of enterprises, the rapid development of its private form, as relevant part of measures for transition to market relations. Self-government as a phenomenon of social life has always been, what stages of development the society was. Externally, self-governing relations were presented in different forms, which suggest that in the differences in the forms it is necessary to see the uniformity of nature. In different nations in different countries, and in the same nation in different historical periods, there were different social roles of subjects and objects of management and government, and their social, ethical and legal status, and, therefore, relations with state authorities and management. ; Самоуправление сегодня представляет собой качественно новое явление, сохранившее, по существу, лишь старое название в новых условиях разгосударствления собственности и приватизации предприятий, стремительного развития его частных форм, как релевантной части мер по переходу к рыночным отношениям. Самоуправление как явление социальной жизни было всегда, на каких бы этапах развития не находилось общество. Внешне самоуправленческие отношения представлялись разными формами, это означает, что за различием форм надо видеть единообразие сути. У разных народов в разных странах, да и одного и того же народа в разные исторические периоды, различными были общественные роли субъектов и объектов, как управления, так и самоуправления, их социальный, морально-этический и правовой статус, а, значит, и отношения с органами государственной власти и управления.

The article discusses the role and place of the marshal of nobility in the system of county administration and self-government in the post-reform period. The object of the study is the institute of county marshals of nobility in the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The study deterncines the changes in the government policy of the Russian autocracy related to the noble elections in Belarus after the 1863–1864 uprising. The main functions of County leaders in the sphere of class self-government are revealed. The main directions of activity of local heads of nobility in management of administrative district institutions are shown. The characteristics of the functioning of the institute of county marshals of nobility on the territory of Belarus are given. As a result of analysis of the laws the conclusion is made that the marshal of the nobility took the place of a full head of county, and during the period under review, the trend of expanding the powers of the marshals of nobility, testified to their transformation from in-class bodies in administrative, public bodies.

УДК 34The article highlights the main stages in the development of local government and self-gov-ernment in Russia. It shows the specifics of each stage. The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the synthesis of the princely power and the community self-government. The genesis autocracy was accompanied by a struggle with the self-government institutions. The creation of rural and urban self-government in the second half of the XIX century was accom-panied by a debate on the social and public origin of these institutions.The Soviet state was based on the unity of the Soviet system. It concluded the discrete de-velopment of local self-government in Russia. There is no historical strong tradition of local government in this system.Objective of the article is to identify and characterize the main stages of development of local government and self-government in Russia. Show the discrete nature of the develop-ment of local self-government in Russia.The formation of the Russian state was accompanied by the synthesis of princely power and community self-government. Genesis autocracy was accompanied by a struggle with self-government institutions. The absence of territorial self-government in Russia was offset by the presence of social class municipality for a long time. Caste traditions tradition had a negative impact after the establishment of rural and urban self-government in the second half of the XIX century.During the preparation of the reforms and their implementation were discussions of the rela-tionship between the state and the community began in management. As a result, there is the inclusion of local authorities in the sphere of active state regulation. The desire of the county public to the political activity was suppressed by autocracy. The Provisional Government at-tempt to rely on the local self-government to create new authorities ended in failure.The Soviet state was based on a single management system. Certain powers was delegated at the local level. The local authorities have been transferred some resources to implement it. So the system of local budgets was build. The most successful period of the local govern-ment activity accounts for 1920s. The city and district are considered as the territorial foundation of local government. Scientific field formed that studies the feature of local govern-ment in the Soviet conditions.In the 1930s, there is centralization of government. The development of the city is subject to problems of industrialization and development of the rural areas is subject to problems of collectivization. The state policy does not consider the interests of local communities.The liberalization of the political regime in the late 1950s has led to a revival of the idea of decentralization. But decentralization of government is considered solely as an economic rather than a social and political problem. This understanding persisted until the end of the Soviet period.The lack of stable historical tradition of local government negatively affects the municipal development of the Russian Federation. ; УДК 34В статье выделяются основные этапы развития местного управления и самоуправления в России. Показана специфика каждого этапа: формирование российского государства сопровождалось синтезом княжеской власти и общинного самоуправления; генезис самодержавия сопровождался борьбой с институтами самоуправления; создание земского и городского самоуправления во второй половине XIX в. сопровождалось дискуссиями о социальной и государственной природе этих учреждений; советское государство строилось на единстве системы cоветов.Сделан вывод о дискретном развитии местного самоуправления в России и отсутствии исторической устойчивой традиции деятельности органов местного самоуправления.

Проблемные вопросы развития существующих правовых форм самоорганизации муниципалитетов как органов самоуправления и их взаимодействия с органами государственной власти в лице органов управления, в том числе и действующих на низовом уровне, представляют собой давний объект научного исследования ученых. В статье рассматриваются направления взаимодействия органов местного управления и самоуправления Республики Беларусь, анализируется законодательство в этой сфере; различные виды форм взаимоотношений между органами власти в лице органов управления, действующих в том числе в сфере реализации права граждан на формирование органов власти посредством выборов, и органами местного самоуправления. На современном этапе развития Республики Беларусь все большую роль играет уровень демократии, характеризующийся степенью взаимодействия органов управления с органами местного самоуправления, и влияние органов местного самоуправления как института гражданского общества на процесс формирования публичной власти. Это обусловлено тем, что местное самоуправление является наиболее приближенным к населению уровнем публичной власти и тем самым осуществляет реализацию конституционного права на участие граждан в управлении государством. По результатам исследования предлагается перечень отдельных видов форм взаимодействия обозначенных субъектов властно-распорядительных отношений. Изложенные в работе теоретические выводы могут стать основой для совершенствования механизма взаимодействия органов государственной власти в лице органов местного управления с органами местного самоуправления. ; The study of problematic issues of development of existing legal forms of selforganization of municipalities as self-governing bodies, and their interaction with public authorities in the form of governing bodies, including those operating at the grassroots level, is a long-standing object of scientific research of scientists. The article considers the directions of interaction between local authorities and selfgovernment of the Republic of Belarus, analyzes the legislation in this area. The author analyzes different types of relations between the authorities in the form of governing bodies, including those operating in the sphere of realization of the right of citizens to form authorities through elections, and local governments. At the present stage of development of the Republic of Belarus, the level of democracy plays an increasingly important role, which is characterized, among other things, by the degree of interaction between government bodies and local self-government bodies, and the influence of local self-government bodies, as an institution of civil society, on the process of formation of public power. This is due to the fact that local self-government is the closest to the population level of public authority, and thereby implements the constitutional right to participate in the governance of state. According to the results of the research the list of separate types of forms of interaction of designated subjects of power and administrative relations is offered. The theoretical conclusions presented in the paper can become the basis for improving the mechanism of interaction of public authorities in the face of local government bodies with local authorities.

The author of this article relies on the premise that strategic management is the highest function of any government, with it being implemented by government bodies through a system of government strategic planning, as well as a specific type of administrative activity – developing and executing strategies, as well as national projects and programs. In essence strategies are normatively burdened formalized priorities, goals and tasks associated with the development of Russia and its regions in the long term. These strategies are meant to be an effective means of implementing relevant government policy, to serve as a source of compromise for society and to ensure purposeful action when it comes to a multitude of social subjects cooperating with each other in order to attain the results in mind. You can tell that there is a problem in organizing government strategic management by the fact that we are dealing with a constant increase in territorial disproportions in the socio-economic, socio-cultural development of Russia's cities and regions, as well as the population's indifference towards strategies, federal and regional projects. Among the factors which limit government bodies' capacity to execute plans for social development is a multitude of various systems of social management in place on a regional and municipal level which do not allow for implementing linear correlations when it comes to administration. Furthermore, internal determination is a factor in developing territorially localized communities, which is when the behavior of any given social group is defined not so much by external factors or administrative pressure, but rather by the actual nature of internal relationships, by recollection of past situations, rules of cooperation for social subjects, life plans and life strategies of individuals and social groups. Solving the problem of organizing government strategic planning systems and ensuring control over the course of Russian society's development is linked, in the author's opinion, to revealing those social factors and phenomena which define how appropriate certain innovations are for any given local community, figure out whether the planned results are achievable on a regional level, and to choosing such methods of administrative pressure that the social group in question will be susceptible to. Based on the empirical data, the author of this article argues that there is a connection between the population's attitude towards the system of government strategic management and a region's level of development (according to Nikolai Lapin's classification), while insisting that the differentiation of regions based on their level of modernization is vital information when it comes to differentiating structures and functions of government bodies in regards to strategic planning and choosing regulative mechanisms (from management and handling resources to normative-value and institutional management).

The general objective of this article is to investigate, in Foucault's perspective, the relations between government and subjectivity, through the arts of government and the constitution of the modern state. In this task, we consider the courses given by Foucault, Security, Territory, Population and The birth of biopolitics, to deal with the presence of pastoral power in the constitution of governmentality. The specific objective is to research other possibilities of social organization, associated with democratic principles, such as solidarity and self-management in opposition to the effects generated by neoliberalism, with a generalization of market values ​​in individual and collective practices. In our hypothesis, we consider an anarchist perspective as the vital counterpoint in the production of other forms of social and political life, beyond exclusively economic principles. At this point, we present the basic concepts of anarchist values, such as an idea of ​​self-management, mutual support, an idea of ​​freedom, found in Bakunin, Kropotkin and Goldman, and a possibility of thinking about resistances and practices in the present, as reflected by Rago. We also went through a critique of the model of social organization and the very idea of ​​democracy, based on Graeber's indicators in A project of democracy. Finally, our effort aim to reflect on the possibilities of another world, from a perspective that is radically opposed to the political and social practices that are found nowadays. We intend, therefore, to think about the present time and the possibility of new forms of existence.