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The thesis explores the subject of unimplemented architectural projects in the context of Lithuanian architecture, the country's history and socio-political and cultural phenomena. The object of this research is architectural projects that, due to certain circumstances, did not result in completed buildings. The purpose of the thesis is to reveal the significance of unimplemented projects through their connections with social, sociocultural and political phenomena. In order to fulfil this objective, the following tasks where set: defining the concepts important to this research; constructing a typological model of unimplemented projects and uncovering the origin of the phenomenon of unimplemented projects through examining the structure of the architectural process; reviewing the development of unimplemented projects and the corresponding historical context between the end of the 18th c. and the end of the 20th c. in Lithuania; examining the societal significance of unimplemented projects of the 21st c. and before; uncovering the relationship between unbuilt projects and social-economic and political structures; analysing the reasons behind the non-implementation; formulating the guidelines on how to reduce the risk of non-implimentation in high-quality architecture; identifying objective and subjective values of unbuilt projects and providing theoretical and practical possibilities for their application. The thesis achieved the following outcomes new for art criticism: an integrated analysis was conducted on the previously scarcely-studied subject of unimplemented projects in Lithuanian architecture; previously unexamined terms relevant to this subject were formulated; the main types of unimplemented projects were defined; the phenomenon of unbuilt architecture was revealed as resulting from an interrupted architectural process; the reasons behind the non-implementation of projects were explained, making it possible to view unimplemented architecture as a both direct and inverse identifier of the state of historical structures; it was proven that unimplemented projects bear some influence when relevant public issues are being raised and that they may be used as a political-ideological tool; the non-implementation of projects was shown to be a constant phenomenon in the history of architecture that reflects the sociocultural, political and economic tendencies; as an entity of artistic and technical ideas and solutions, unbuilt projects can provide theorethical and practical benefits. The outcomes of this research may encourage architecture theorists to widen the range of research objects studied and to involve cases of unimplemented projects as an integral part in the development of architecture when researching issues relevant to the history of architecture.

The thesis explores the subject of unimplemented architectural projects in the context of Lithuanian architecture, the country's history and socio-political and cultural phenomena. The object of this research is architectural projects that, due to certain circumstances, did not result in completed buildings. The purpose of the thesis is to reveal the significance of unimplemented projects through their connections with social, sociocultural and political phenomena. In order to fulfil this objective, the following tasks where set: defining the concepts important to this research; constructing a typological model of unimplemented projects and uncovering the origin of the phenomenon of unimplemented projects through examining the structure of the architectural process; reviewing the development of unimplemented projects and the corresponding historical context between the end of the 18th c. and the end of the 20th c. in Lithuania; examining the societal significance of unimplemented projects of the 21st c. and before; uncovering the relationship between unbuilt projects and social-economic and political structures; analysing the reasons behind the non-implementation; formulating the guidelines on how to reduce the risk of non-implimentation in high-quality architecture; identifying objective and subjective values of unbuilt projects and providing theoretical and practical possibilities for their application. The thesis achieved the following outcomes new for art criticism: an integrated analysis was conducted on the previously scarcely-studied subject of unimplemented projects in Lithuanian architecture; previously unexamined terms relevant to this subject were formulated; the main types of unimplemented projects were defined; the phenomenon of unbuilt architecture was revealed as resulting from an interrupted architectural process; the reasons behind the non-implementation of projects were explained, making it possible to view unimplemented architecture as a both direct and inverse identifier of the state of historical structures; it was proven that unimplemented projects bear some influence when relevant public issues are being raised and that they may be used as a political-ideological tool; the non-implementation of projects was shown to be a constant phenomenon in the history of architecture that reflects the sociocultural, political and economic tendencies; as an entity of artistic and technical ideas and solutions, unbuilt projects can provide theorethical and practical benefits. The outcomes of this research may encourage architecture theorists to widen the range of research objects studied and to involve cases of unimplemented projects as an integral part in the development of architecture when researching issues relevant to the history of architecture.

The history of Lithuanian psychology parallels the sociopolitical history of the country. Due to repeated occupations of the country and other unfavorable conditions, scientific thought and innovations were delayed for decades. Development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in three periods: (1) interwar (1918–1940), (2) Soviet occupation (1940–1990), and (3) regained independence (since 1990). Institutionalization of psychology is analyzed in four aspects: research, development of studies, applied practice, and scientific communication. The beginning of the professional psychology in Lithuania is inseparable from the establishment and activity of the University of Lithuania (later Vytautas Magnus University). Major tasks and activities that the first Lithuanian psychologists undertook during the interwar period were the dissemination of scientific psychological knowledge. Scientific research was consistent with the tendencies established in European psychology, in particular German psychology. During the Soviet period one of the positive facts was an increasing number of professional psychologists due to the renewal of studies (including doctoral studies) in psychology at Vilnius University. However, Lithuania never had state-supported institutions for scientific research in psychology. Due to the restoration of independence in 1990, more educational establishments (at present five universities) provide instruction for psychologists, new curricula of studies are being launched according to the internationally confirmed standard, the relationship of psychology with various practical fields is strengthening, and numerous institutions offer a wide variety of psychological services.

As we move further into the 21st century, architects, planners, landscape architects and the general public are increasingly concerned with climate change, environmental degradation, energy and water consumption and the role the built environment plays in contributing to or addressing these issues. Buildings consume almost 40% of the energy used in this country. The way we access buildings, the materials used to construct them, the demands of users within the building all require the earth's increasingly precious resources. So how did we get here? How did our built environment evolve to require so much energy, water and so many resources? It is easy to think that our environmental concerns regarding architecture's role in the environment are new to society. However, environmental worries are not new. This course explores the history of sustainable architecture with a look back to vernacular building styles and passive design strategies that addressed climatic factors. We will investigate the Industrial Revolution as it transformed buildings and transportation and study the varied responses to the degradation of the natural world through the Arts and Crafts Movement and writers and thinkers of the 19th century. We will contrast our study of early environmentalists and their ideas for the built environment with more mainstream efforts of architects and designers of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Frank Lloyd Wright and le Corbusier, to better understand the formation of architecture's historical cannon and the environmental outliers who critiqued the dangers of the 'Machine Age.' We will then explore more accelerated trends of the 1960s and '70s that paralleled the birth of modern environmentalism in the wake of exposés such as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Finally, the course will conclude with an examination of recent ideas surrounding 'green' buildings such as LEED certification and the Living Building Challenge. Understanding the history of the built environment offers a powerful lens for understanding our environmental future. Such history shows us our mistakes and successes and will help us move forward thinking critically about how we can live in the future. "History is not everything, but it is a starting point. History is a clock that people use to tell their political and cultural time of day. It is a compass they use to find themselves on the map of human geography. It tells them where they are but, more importantly, what they must be." John Henrik Clarke The course will include guest speakers, lectures on Mondays and Wednesdays, and discussions about readings on Fridays (in Dickinson 109). There will be a mid-term and final, and two written assignments: one a short, written response and the second, a longer research paper.

Legacies of Colonialism: Towards an Architectural History of Capitalism / Patrick Haughey -- Spices, Spies and Speculation: Trust and Control in the Early Batavia-Amsterdam System / Robert Cowherd -- Cities of Incense and Myrrh: Fantasy and Capitalism in the Arabian Gulf / Nasser Rabbat -- Borneo, the River Effect and the Spirit World Millionaires / Mark Jarzombek -- House as Marketplace: Swahili merchant houses and their urban context in the later Middle Ages / Thomas Gensheimer -- An Anachronism of Trade: The Mercato Nuovo in Florence (1546-51) / Lauren Jacobi -- Merchant Identity: The Cartographic Impulse in the Architectural Sculpture of the Llotja of Palma de Mallorca / Doron Bauer -- The Travel of a Merchant throughout the Islamic World / Cecilia Fumagalli -- Savannah's Custom House: A Peculiar construction of galvanized iron apparently durable and well adapted to a southern climate / Dennis DeWitt -- The Modernization of a Port in British India: Calcutta, 1870-1880 / Aniruddha Bose -- Building the Marble Elephant: The Creation of Philadelphia's Iconic City Hall / Glen Umberger

"More than fifteen years after the success of the first edition, this sweeping introduction to the history of architecture in the United States is now a fully revised guide to the major developments that shaped the environment from the first Americans to the present, from the everyday vernacular to the high style of aspiration. Eleven chronologically organized chapters chart the social, cultural, and political forces that shaped the growth and development of American towns, cities, and suburbs, while providing full description, analysis, and interpretation of buildings and their architects. The second edition features an entirely new chapter detailing the green architecture movement and architectural trends in the 21st century. Further updates include an expanded section on Native American architecture and contemporary design by Native American architects, new discussions on architectural education and training, more examples of women architects and designers, and a thoroughly expanded glossary to help today's readers. The art program is expanded, including 640 black and white images and 62 new color images. Accessible and engaging, American Architecture continues to set the standard as a guide, study, and reference for those seeking to better understand the rich history of architecture in the United States"--

The eco-movement, spreading across the world, requires a new evaluation of priorities for the objectives of the three architectural directions (buildings, cities (urban development) and landscape architecture) including social and environmental responsibility. The ecological direction is not new to Lithuania, but due to former political isolation the West still knows very little about that. Lithuanian (now Kaunas University of Technology) Institute of Architecture and Construction in Kaunas (LASMI) has become and still is a scientific and ecologically oriented design centre (especially for resorts, recreation and tourism areas, national parks) of this direction. Research work and practical conceptual projects started yet in 1961-1963. The results are summarized in the author's doctoral and habilitation dissertations and books (Stauskas 1967, 1977, 1985, 2012) and in the works by other students of this school, now working in Vilnius, Klaipėda and elsewhere.In architecture of buildings a time has come to review their architectural quality assessment. Yet in 1981, the World Congress of Architecture in Warsaw adopted a new definition of architecture itself - as the art and science of shaping the environment - suitable for all areas of architectural activities (instead of the classical definition of architecture as "the art of building"). An architect faces an increased responsibility to spatially synthesize blocks of specific needs and shapes of three influencing environments – social, natural and technogenic – thereby also striving for artistic value. This is especially important in recreational architecture, where the environmental impact to people is particularly sensitive (Stauskas 1977, 2012).Ecological approach can mean that the artistic value of the building's facade is no longer the most important quality category. On a scale of values, the quality of the building's social content solution would appear in the first place. Then would go the aesthetic quality of the building's shapes; the interaction between ...