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How could political independence improve the health of Hawaiʻi's communities, waters, and lands? This article aims to catalyze conversations about what Hawaiian independence could look like in the twenty-first century and beyond.

Remembering independence: concepts and media -- Independence days: evoking the past, contesting the present, building the future -- National heroes: making and unmaking the remembered -- Martyrs, victims and anti-heroes: revisiting the national gallery -- Regionalist aspirations and centres of state power: constructing a national mnemonic landscape -- Adjusting the clock: temporal flexibility in recalling independence -- Final reflections -- Appendix: country data

[Being the fourth part of a series of Studies on the Eastern Question. The preceding parts appeared in the January, April and July numbers of the Jouranl. for 1911.]Since the publication of our last article, the political independence of Bulgaria has been juridically established from the constitutional point of view.As we have already seen, the Bulgarian diplomatic and governmental situation had been developed in fact, without ever having been theoretically or diplomatically discussed. This is natural. The Bulgarian Government took great care not to raise that question, contenting itself from the internal point of view with Art. 17, of the Constitution of Tirnovo, which gave to the Prince, in general, the conduct of diplomatic negotiations. It might have been contended that Bulgaria, which was a vassal state, had no absolute right to make purely political treaties; and it is doubtful that King Ferdinand, before the establishment of Bulgarian independence, had ever entered into any written political treaties. Moreover, if he had, it would have raised an internal constitutional question; for, in such case, it would have been incumbent upon him to refer the matter to the Sobranjé.

[Being the fifth part of a series of Studies on the Eastern
Question. The preceding parts appeared in the January, April and
July numbers of the Journal for 1911, and the January number for
1912.]

From the foregoing explanations, it will be seen that in the
Turko-Bulgarian arrangement relative to the question of independence, less
care was taken in regulating according to juridical principles the
transmission of the attributes of sovereignty than in an effort to reach a
financial compromise capable of conciliating opposing interests. We have in
particular considered the property of the public domain as a real property
for which the emancipated State must refund the accumulated outlay. This is
a curious idea for our times, when we have lost the habit of looking at the
public power in the light of patrimoniality. But this conception is
self-explanatory, if we but remember that we are in the Orient, in Turkish
territory where the coining of the attributes of sovereignty has always been
the rule, where the principles of the Middle Ages have survived longer than
anywhere else. And these conditions are self-explaining if we think of the
persisting uncertainty of the nature and the real meaning both of the Treaty
of Berlin and of the union of 1885 regarding Bulgaria and Rumeiia. From all
these conditions, there issues an impression of indecision and of
archaism.

Annontatsion: Independence Day (colloquially the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence of the United States, on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject (and subordinate) to the monarch of Britain, King George III, and were now united, free, and independent states.[1] The Congress had voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2, but it was not declared until July 4.[1] Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, political speeches, and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the national day of the United States. Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people. According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. While the legal holiday remains on July 4, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then federal government employees will instead take the day off on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively.[22] Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such ...