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النظام الداخلي للبرلمان هي الأداة التي تنظم عملالبرلمانوتحدد العلاقة بينه و بي السلطات الأخرى للدولة، وكذلك ترسم الطريق الذي يتعين على النائب أن يسلكه لأداء دوره في الرقابة والتشريع. وأن مبررات وضرورات وضع الانظمة الداخلية تكمن في ثلاثة ضروريات تشريعية وتنظيمية، وكذلك أنها ضرورة ملحة لحماية الاقليات البرلمانية. وهناك ثلاث طرق لإصدار الانظمة الداخلية للبرلمان، وأن المجالس التشريعية هي صاحبة الاختصاص الاصلي في وضع لوائحها الداخلية، ومبرر ذلك يرجع الى العمل بمبدأ الفصل بين السلطات وإستقلال البرلمان عن السلطات الاخرى. وأن النظام الداخلي لا تقتصر أهميتها على تنظيم المسائل الشكلية أو الاجرائية بل يمكن أن تمس كذلك المسائل الموضوعية فتقوم بتكملة النصوص الدستورية فيما يتعلق بمجال الاختصاص البرلماني. ورغم إختلاف الظروف السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية لظهور البرلمان في كل من دول موضوع المقارنة فيما يخص التنظيم الداخلي للبرلمان، الا أن هناك نقاط يجمعهم ونقاط يفرقهم مثل طريقة تكوين البرلمان وكيفية إنتخاب رئيس البرلمان في الدول الاربعة. وأن أللجان البرلمانية لها دور محوري في عمل كل البرلمانات الاربعة موضوع المقارنة، لكن التقاليد البرلمانية تختلف بين الدول وكذلك ثبوتية عدد أعضاء البرلمانات. ; The rules of procedure of the Parliament are the tools that regulate the work of Parliament and determine the relationship between it and the other authorities of the country, they also chart the path that the MP must take to perform his role in the censorship and legislation. And that the justification and necessity of the development of internal regulations lies in three legislative and regulatory requirements, as well as an urgent need to protect parliamentary minorities. There are three ways to issue the internal regulations of the Parliament. The legislative councils have the original jurisdiction to make their own internal regulations. This is justified by the principle of separation of powers and the independence of parliament from other authorities. And that the rules of procedure had a significant impact on the functioning of the Parliament, not only on the organization of formal or procedural matters but also on substantive issues, complementing the constitutional texts in respect of parliamentary jurisdiction. Despite the different political, social and economic conditions of the emergence of the parliament in each of the countries of comparison in terms of the internal organization of the parliament, but there are Points in common and points divides them, like the way the parliament is formed and how the speaker of parliament is elected in the four countries is different. And the parliamentary committees have a central role in the work of all four parliaments. The subject of comparison is different, but parliamentary traditions vary among countries, as does the number of members of parliaments

Displays the biography of one the most prominent figures of journalism in Morocco since the independence in 1956. It also presents many outstanding events that characterized the history of Morocco in the early decade after independence

Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China); Uighur (Turkic people); history; congresses

Many leaders of the country and leaders of the resistance and a large number of the people of Libya to migrate to neighboring countries because of the policy of fascist and arbitrary, and there are large Libyan communities in most of the neighboring countries of Libya, Italy has tried through its ambassadors and consuls to impose their authority on them, and despite all the difficulties and obstacles that have been exposed But the educated group of them was able to show their activity. The right time came for them when the Second World War took place on September 3, 1939, which Italy entered along with the Allied Powers on June 10, 1940. Meanwhile, political bodies and parties formed a central axis in the crystallization The national awareness of the importance of the Libyan cause and the independence of Libya both inside and outside the country, and the roots of the political struggle, and resulted in the outputs of the unity and independence of the country, despite the differences in ideologies and views among its members, and through this research we will highlight the most important bodies and political parties Which left its mark clear and clear on the Libyan arena, and the role played by the local level until the unity and independence of Libya, and the research will be divided into two axes, the first dealt with the most important bodies and political parties that were formed in the tenderness and Tripoli and Fezan, In its role in spreading national awareness at home, and a conclusion to the main findings of the research and the list of sources and references.

The aim of this study is to analyse the Palestinian national movement in its relations to its environment from its birth over 70 years ago until the recent uprising. The analysis concentrates on the circumstances which explain the failure of the movement in reaching self-determination and independence, as well as the problems which the movement has faced and is still facing. (DÜI-Sdt)

La memoria recobrada : huellas en la historia de los Estados Unidos = Memory regained : traces in the history of the United States = Oroitzapen berreskuratua : aztarnak Estatus Batuen historian / José Manuel Guerrero Acosta -- Ministros con el rey : la plenitud del Despotismo Ilustrado = "The ministers with the king" : the heyay of Enlightened Despotism = Ministroak erregearekin : Despotismo Ilustratuaren gailurra / José Luis Gómez Urdáñez -- La diplomacia de Carlos III : la rebelión de las colonias inglesas y la Paz de París (1773-1783) = The diplomacy of Charles III : the rebellion of the English colonies and the Paris Peace Treaty (1773-1783) = Karlos III.aren diplomazia : kolonia ingelesen matxinada eta Parisko bakea (1773-1783) / Eduardo Garrigues López-Chicheri -- Diego María de Gardoqui, testigo de la primera ceremonia inaugural del presidente de los Estados Unidos = Diego María de Gardoqui, present at the swearing-in of the first president of the United States = Diego María de Gardoqui lekuko izan zen Estatus Batuetako lehen presidentea izendatzeko zeremonian -- Ilustrado, comerciante y diplomático : la dimensión histórica de Diego de Gardoqui en la independencia de los Estados Unidos = Enlightenment figure, trader and diplomat, the historical contribution of Diego de Gardoqui to the independence of the United States = Ilustratua, merkataria eta deplomazialaria : Diego de Gardoquiren dimentsio historikoa Estatu Batuen independentzian / Begoña Cava Mesa -- España y la independencia de las Trece Colonias americanas = Spain and the independence of the thirteen American colonies = Espainia eta hamahiru kolonia amerikarren independentzia / Martha Gutiérrez-Steinkamp -- Vascos del siglo XVIII en el Oeste norteamericano = Eighteenth century Basques in the American North-West = XVIII. mendeko euskaldunak Estatu Batuetako mendebaldean / Luis Laorden Jiménez -- Bernardo de Gálvez (1746-1786) : un líder en una época revolucionaria = Bernardo de Gálvez (1746-1786) : leader in a revolutionary age = Bernardo de Gálvez (1746-1786) : aro iraultzaile bateko liderra / Agustín Guimerá Ravina --