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The article presents the foundations of the Pedagogy of Informal Education, created by the author during 12 years of research work in informal education. The object, the subject, the general scientific definition, the categorical apparatus, the prerequisites, the goals, the tasks, the principles, the laws, the approaches, the methods, the models of teaching, the components of the educational process, the sections and the pedagogical "family" of Pedagogy of informal education as transpedagogy are presented. The experience of general pedagogy and the existing special pedagogies is used, taking into account the specifics of informal education. Philosophical, general scientific and concrete scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research are applied.

IntroductionAusterity policies have failed to recognise and account for the value of youth and community work. Against a backdrop of excessive cuts since the 2008 financial crash, youth services have been disproportionately affected, with a growing emphasis on measurement, outcomes and, ultimately, performativity (de St Croix, 2018, Youdell and McGimpsey, 2015). In their recent research project, Louise Doherty and Tania de St Croix have highlighted tensions in measuring and evaluating youth work, and argue that the way practice is recognised and valued by young people and youth workers is disconnected from the way it is measured, monitored and evaluated. They argue that, rather than seeking to 'measure' practice, a grassroots democratic approach to accountability would attempt to create the conditions in which high quality practice can be nurtured and developed' (Doherty, 2019).

PurposeDisaster education is considered as a newly emerging area of research and practice, which promotes community-based educational approaches for building resilience. Given the atypical nature of these disturbances, people and communities need to develop the knowledge required to anticipate and understand what they could have to contend with and proactively develop strategies that can minimize their risk and afford ways to cope with and adapt to adverse situations in an effective manner. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that informal education resulting from daily activities related to work, family life, or leisure can be harnessed to develop disaster resilience within community settings.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper provides the discussion and synthesis of literature covering community resilience, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and informal education. In doing so, this study proposes a conceptual framework and implementation strategies for harnessing informal education in building community resilience.FindingsTo harness informal disaster education for community resilience, the authors suggest a conceptual framework and four implementation strategies with the corresponding implications: cultivate social environment for conversations, discussions, reflections and learning; design social activities for promoting and encouraging informal learning; appropriate interventions by informal educators in social activities; and transparent resources and channels for information and social supports. A compilation of a number of community-based DRR practices involving civil society organizations has been incorporated in the proposed framework for exemplifying informal disaster education for community resilience.Originality/valuePromoting informal education in community settings is aimed at building community resilience in a collective way, which is especially important in disaster-prone areas. Informal education for community resilience not only educates individuals how to deal with disasters, but also connects individuals together to be more resilient in their ability to cope or bounce back from adverse events in their life.

Due to the changed social circumstances and the growing role of informal education in the process of personal development, the aim of the paper is to consider the importance of family activities, which hold the most dominant role in informal education. The key premise of modern society must therefore be based on establishing continuity in the process of lifelong learning, through the necessity of a holistic relationship between education and society. It is important to move away from the classical way of understanding the education as a process of knowledge transfer that takes place in the formal context and focus on the fact that learning is not limited by time, space, and institution. Starting from the fact that the family is the first and foremost system for a child, only with changed roles in different life cycles, an attempt was made to point out key effects on the family, but also on the child by the family, primarily for prosocial development. Prosocial development takes place by modelling behaviours through which the desired value system is expressed and instilled in a child. Regarding the family as educators in informal education, the paper emphasizes the need to monitor procedures that have a scientific and professional basis, with caution against "falling under the influence" of implicit theories of education that are promoted on social networks and in other, modern forms of social groups. In that sense, the necessity of supporting the family in educational activities, which represent the core of informal education in the family context, is emphasized. After considering the basic principles of formal, non-formal and informal education, the paper emphasizes the growing importance of informal education and the role of the family in this process, considering the key settings of parenting for holistic personality development, based on Kant's claim to educate. Namely, the attention was drawn to the educational activities of the family in the process of individual and social development through an informal approach, as well as to the questions of its competence to respond to the challenges posed by the social change.

The article presents the philosophical foundations of the Pedagogy of Informal Education, created by the author in 2020 as a new self-contained branch of pedagogy. The retrospective philosophical-pedagogical overview of the development of informal education from antiquity to the present day includes 40 authors from 16 chronological stages. As criteria for the selection of ideas and their authors, own definitions of self-development and the components of the educational triad of formal, non-formal and informal education are used. The presented philosophical and pedagogical ideas unequivocally show that historically the first type of pedagogy known to mankind is the Pedagogy of informal education as a means of influencing people of different ages in order to survive, preserve the basic values of the era and transfer the accumulated life experience. It also illustrates the possibility of each person taking on the role of an informal educator under different circumstances.

Nowadays, governments, educational institutions, non-governmental organizations, the private economy and each individual make an effort to integrate the idea of sustainable development in all areas of the educational system. Specific skills and knowledge that we gain as children and teenagers in the family, at school, in training or university will not last for a lifetime. Humanity is programmed to survive. In this context the term 'programmed' does not mean the same thing that we use in the computer sciences. Herein, we are dealing with emotional tangle and the continuing struggle to find ourselves. In this way we discovered education as a process. The purpose of practicing this process is that the personal development of an individual can be organized by certain rules. However, the formality enters the function to some extent and we also know that man is inclined to lay in his use of free will. So now we have reached to a new discovery, which is appointed as informal education. This paper, first of all encompasses this form, but also skewed approach to public relations and prospects is also different from those which have been hitherto. First, we will discuss what PR is. Further, we will elaborate education as a process; moreover, we will see how it can be split any further. Hence, history encompasses a factual situation. Lastly, it will be given the interconnection among PR, mass media and informal education.

The Malaysian government is promoting entrepreneurship development skills amongst farmers through informal courses. These courses will concentrate on teaching managerial skills as inevitable means for small farms to succeed by making farmers more creative and innovative. Therefore it is important to assess the effect of informal agri-entrepreneurial training in developing entrepreneurship among the farmers in Malaysia. Seven hundred and ninety six farmers (796) farmers were interviewed via structured questionnaire to define their opinion on whether the current informal educational and training establishments are sufficient to teach and develop entrepreneurial skills. Factor analysis and logic regression analysis were used to determine the motivating factors and predict their impact on the development of entrepreneurial skills. The result from the factor analysis led us to investigate the association between these factors and farmers- opinions about the development of entrepreneurial skills and traits through participating in informal entrepreneurship training or education. The outcome has shown us that the importance of informal training to promote entrepreneurship among farmers is crucial. The training should be intensified to encourage farmers to not only focus on the modern technologies but also on the fundamental changes in their attitude towards agriculture as a business. DOA: KMO: Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin Test MOA: Ministry of Agriculture NMP: Ninth Malaysia Plan NAP: Third National Agricultural Policy (2000-2010)

In 19th century Croatia, informal forms of education were very important due to the unsatisfactory formal education system, which was characterised by an underdeveloped network of schools and their small numbers, especially schools for girls; the poor quality of education and underpaid teachers; too large class sizes; irregular school attendance by pupils; impossibility for higher education in Croatia until the foundation of the University of Zagreb in 1874, except in legal sciences and theology; as well as other problems. The role of informal forms of education in Croatia in the 19th century will be illustrated by the example of a number of distinguished Croatian intellectuals. On the basis of autobiography sources – autobiographies and diaries – I will demonstrate what the role of self-education, education with private tutors and governesses was in education and intellectual formation of distinguished teacher and educator Mijat Stojanović, publicist Imbro Ignjatijević Tkalac, politician and publicist Andrija Torkvat Brlić, writer Ksaver Šandor Gjalski and two Croatian female writers, Dragojla Jarnević and Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. In their autobiographic and diary entries, they critically evaluated the positive and negative aspects of their own formal and informal education