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The purpose of this research is to give empirical evidence of the impact of management commitment, resources, legislative mandate, management innovation, and reward/incentive on performance measurement. This research data was collected through a Google Form, in which 64 questionnaires were sent to the Head of the Planning Subdivision and their staff in each of the Regional Apparatus Organizations in the South Tangerang City Government. With the technique used, census sampling, this study took a quantitative approach employing non-probability sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using PLS version 3.0 was used to evaluate the data. Management commitment and legislative mandate have a considerable impact on performance measurement. Meanwhile, resources, management innovation, and reward/incentive do not. This study has implications for local governments in terms of describing how performance measurement is carried out based on institutional factors, as well as making recommendations for improving local government performance measurements in the future to make them more reliable, effective, and efficient.

The paper assesses the effects of certain institutional factors on financial sector development in Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied to determine the extent to which these institutions affect the financial sector, and to suggest which institutions play a more critical role in each country. Results suggest that institutional factors affect financial depth and access to financial services more than asset quality and profitability (measured by nonperforming loans (NPL) and return on equity (ROE). The results also suggest that depth of credit information has the

This paper uses ECHP and OECD data for 14 EU countries to explore the role of labour market factors in explaining cross-national differences in the dynamic structure of earnings: in permanent inequality, transitory inequality and earnings mobility. Based on ECHP, minimum distance estimator is used to decompose earnings inequality into the permanent and transitory components and compute earnings mobility. The predicted components together with the institutional OECD data are used in a non-linear least squares setting to estimate the relationship between permanent inequality, transitory inequality and earnings mobility, and labour market policy and institutional factors. The results revealed a highly complex framework, where institutions interact significantly not only with each other and with the overall institutional setting, but also with the macroeconomic shocks in shaping the pattern of the three labour market outcomes.

This paper uses ECHP and OECD data for 14 EU countries to explore the role of labour market factors in explaining cross-national differences in the dynamic structure of earnings: in permanent inequality, transitory inequality and earnings mobility. Based on ECHP, minimum distance estimator is used to decompose earnings inequality into the permanent and transitory components and compute earnings mobility. The predicted components together with the institutional OECD data are used in a non-linear least squares setting to estimate the relationship between permanent inequality, transitory inequality and earnings mobility, and labour market policy and institutional factors. The results revealed a highly complex framework, where institutions interact significantly not only with each other and with the overall institutional setting, but also with the macroeconomic shocks in shaping the pattern of the three labour market outcomes.

During the last three decades Mexico has grown with an annual average rate of 4%, even with the changes from an inward-looking developing economic strategy towards a more open economy with a far-reaching trade liberalisation program. But the story at the sub-national level is different; these changes have modified the regional development strategies and consequently the growth paths of the 32 Mexican states. There is evidence of an uneven growth, greater disparities and important differences in welfare standards among regions. Labour, physical and human capital are traditional factors that can explain these differences, but how much agglomeration economies and institutions have contributed to them. Using elements from the neoclassical, new growth theories and new economic geography we measure the contribution of these factors. We open the discussion on how institutional factor determine growth rate, how we define and measure them in a developing economies such as Mexico. Firstly, we assume that markets are socially constructed and economic behaviour is created in networks of interpersonal relations. Institutions are according to North(1991) the game rules, in other words, the man-designed limits that determine the forms of social relationships. The importance of these institutional elements in the regional level could be found in the contribution they have had in the reorganization of the production forms, through the reduction of transaction and production costs, the definition of the incentives structure and the changes of social participation. In this scheme, two groups of institutional elements could be identified: a)the soft institutional factors that refers to individual habits, routines, customs, traditions, social norms and values, which show some of the characteristics of the networks of interpersonal relations; b)the hard institutional factors are the long-lasting collective forces that shape the economy, such as rules, laws, constitutions, property rights, etc. However institutional factor can not explain by itself high growth rate, but added to economic and social variables, it might contribute to create a dynamic processes with higher levels of growth. Assuming this perspective, we hypothesise that the uneven regional growth in Mexico can be explained by institutional factors. Firstly, we propose that states with an economic local policy more open to trade and foreign investment have led to higher growth rates; contrasting with those states that maintain stronger links with central government. Secondly, we add some of the characteristics of the networks in the regions, in order to show if a greater participation of population and changes in the political local governments have had an impact on growth. Our results indicate that there has not been any regional convergence after the openness period (1985-2000) and that the institutional structure has a significant relation with higher growth rates states.

The article shows that nowadays, while analyzing the factors influencing the dynamics of particular countries' economies and the world economy at large, the economic theorists more often emphasize not traditional structural factors, but institutional growth drivers. Among them, the author singles out and specifically considers the nature and scale of government's intervention in the economy, the level of social and political stability, the maturity of market institutions, the state of infrastructure, and the organizational structure of business.

International audience ; The magnitude of microentrepreneurial activities plays a decisive role in the economic development of the rural livelihoods, especially in third world countries. Microentrepreneurship has always been considered as a proven instrument to fight poverty in an effective manner. As a consequence, poverty alleviation through rural centric microentrepreneurship development has been focused for more than the last thirty five years in Bangladesh. However, despite such initiatives, the state of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh has not yet reached to a satisfactory level. There are a number of prevailing factors that thwart the development of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Among all the factors, non-institutions encompassing various political, economic, social, cultural, technological, environmental and personal factors are affecting the scopes of operating these economic activities to a significant extent. This paper attempts to identify the key non-institutional barriers that hinder the development of microentrepreneurship in Bangladesh, and suggests a composite policy measure to overcome such encumbrances.