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Unia Europejska jako specyficzna organizacja międzynarodowa dysponuje szczególnie szerokim zakresem kompetencji zaś stanowione w jej ramach akty wiążące wywołują skutki prawne nie tylko względem państw członkowskich, lecz również wobec ich obywateli. Rozumiana w ten sposób "działalność władcza" UE ma zatem szeroki wymiar. Niniejsze opracowanie koncentruje się wokół zagadnień związanych z charakterem legitymizacji władzy UE w świetle aspektów proceduralno- instytucjonalnych. Kto, w wymiarze instytucjonalnym, piastuje władzę na szczeblu unijnym, jakie relacje zachodzą między "nosicielami" unijnej władzy i czy konstrukcja procesów decyzyjnych w UE wraz z zakresem partycypacji poszczególnych instytucji w tej materii może być postrzegana jako czynnik legitymizujący Unię "w kierunku" demokracji? Problemy te zostaną omówione przez pryzmat instytucjonalnych i proceduralnych aspektów podejmowania decyzji na szczeblu unijnym. Zaznaczone i zasygnalizowane zostaną wątki kluczowe w odniesieniu do kwestii: unijnej władzy, aktorów instytucjonalnych oraz procesów podejmowania decyzji w ramach Unii Europejskiej. ; Being a specific intemational organization, the European Union enjoys a particularly extensive range of powers, while the laws enacted within its framework have legał conseąuences not only for EU member states, but their citizens as well. Understood in this manner, the 'sovereign activity' of the EU has an extensive scope. This study is focused on issues related to the naturę of the legitimization of the EU's authority as concems its procedural and institutional aspects. The issues of who institutionally wields power at EU level and what relations occur between the ' camera' of EU authority, as well as whether the decision-making processes and the scope of individual institutions in this matter might be perceived as factors legitimizing the European Union's democratic character, are discussed from the point of view of the institutional and procedural aspects of decision-making at EU level. Key issues pertaining to the topics of EU authority, institutional actors and decision-making processes within the European Union are indicated.

Contacts between academic societies in the lands of partitioned Poland – status of and need for research (Summary)The article describes contacts between academic societies operating in the lands of partitioned Poland. Its purpose is to present the current status of research on this very wide topic and to indicate the need for research that arises in this respect. A comprehensive view of these contacts shows that the topic has not been acknowledged to-date. Therefore, it has not been properly reflected in the professional literature. Where the topic has been recognized by authors, it has often not been properly interpreted. The most frequent mistake that has been made by researchers is perceiving the issue from an exclusively ethnic angle, which – particularly in respect of the lands of partitioned Poland – is related to the conflicts arising in such conditions. Seen against the background of the contacts between the various academic institutions operating in the three partitions, it is clearly visible how complicated the matter was and how different factors played a role in forming and discontinuing relationships. ; Contacts between academic societies in the lands of partitioned Poland – status of and need for research (Summary)The article describes contacts between academic societies operating in the lands of partitioned Poland. Its purpose is to present the current status of research on this very wide topic and to indicate the need for research that arises in this respect. A comprehensive view of these contacts shows that the topic has not been acknowledged to-date. Therefore, it has not been properly reflected in the professional literature. Where the topic has been recognized by authors, it has often not been properly interpreted. The most frequent mistake that has been made by researchers is perceiving the issue from an exclusively ethnic angle, which – particularly in respect of the lands of partitioned Poland – is related to the conflicts arising in such conditions. Seen against the background of the contacts between the various academic institutions operating in the three partitions, it is clearly visible how complicated the matter was and how different factors played a role in forming and discontinuing relationships.

Contacts between academic societies in the lands of partitioned Poland – status of and need for research (Summary)The article describes contacts between academic societies operating in the lands of partitioned Poland. Its purpose is to present the current status of research on this very wide topic and to indicate the need for research that arises in this respect. A comprehensive view of these contacts shows that the topic has not been acknowledged to-date. Therefore, it has not been properly reflected in the professional literature. Where the topic has been recognized by authors, it has often not been properly interpreted. The most frequent mistake that has been made by researchers is perceiving the issue from an exclusively ethnic angle, which – particularly in respect of the lands of partitioned Poland – is related to the conflicts arising in such conditions. Seen against the background of the contacts between the various academic institutions operating in the three partitions, it is clearly visible how complicated the matter was and how different factors played a role in forming and discontinuing relationships. ; Contacts between academic societies in the lands of partitioned Poland – status of and need for research (Summary)The article describes contacts between academic societies operating in the lands of partitioned Poland. Its purpose is to present the current status of research on this very wide topic and to indicate the need for research that arises in this respect. A comprehensive view of these contacts shows that the topic has not been acknowledged to-date. Therefore, it has not been properly reflected in the professional literature. Where the topic has been recognized by authors, it has often not been properly interpreted. The most frequent mistake that has been made by researchers is perceiving the issue from an exclusively ethnic angle, which – particularly in respect of the lands of partitioned Poland – is related to the conflicts arising in such conditions. Seen against the background of the contacts between the various academic institutions operating in the three partitions, it is clearly visible how complicated the matter was and how different factors played a role in forming and discontinuing relationships.

Functioning of the man in extreme conditions posed by some social institutions was a subject of many scientific studies so far. Among them some works are taking the special place E. Goffman and M. Foucault. Every school of the power should be so checking the total structure of action influencing action/ interaction/s other in special cases and of oppositions and dodge with which this action is connected. Using to such a school analytical categories Goffman's neosymbolic of interactionism in the microsociological aspect and coming from Foucault's discourse analysis in the macrosocjological aspect a novelty especially in examinations can constitute of total institutions associated with the authority of the state.

The purpose of diagnosis was: conduct studies that provide full and accurate knowledge of the cultural needs of the residents of Podlasie Voivodship; identify the main barriers to participation in high culture; quantitative and qualitative definition of cultural institutions image, including the Drama Theatre, and the evaluation of their artistic activity; measure the region's cultural capital by an index of cultural institutions use by residents of Podlasie Voivodship.

The subject of this paper is the institution of mediation, with a special emphasis on the formulation of postulates addressed to the Polish legislative, governmental institutions, local authorities, corporation of advocates, non-governmental organisations, and establishments of higher education. The Author outlines the general construction of mediation and the mechanisms of its functioning, the impact of the European Union on its Member States in the context of that institution, and touches upon the practical application of mediation in Poland, concluding that once the postulates enumerated in the paper have been addressed and realized, this will grossly reduce the piling number of unresolved disputes, and consequently will minimize the cost arising from the ever- -growing numbers of litigation and legal dispute. ; The subject of this paper is the institution of mediation, with a special emphasis on the formulation of postulates addressed to the Polish legislative, governmental institutions, local authorities, corporation of advocates, non-governmental organisations, and establishments of higher education. The Author outlines the general construction of mediation and the mechanisms of its functioning, the impact of the European Union on its Member States in the context of that institution, and touches upon the practical application of mediation in Poland, concluding that once the postulates enumerated in the paper have been addressed and realized, this will grossly reduce the piling number of unresolved disputes, and consequently will minimize the cost arising from the ever- -growing numbers of litigation and legal dispute.

This article discusses studies on Polish society conducted from the perspective of new institutionalism. In addition to the review of studies, the interdisciplinary research field is characterised and its contribution to the development of global social sciences is indicated. The state of research is presented in the context of earlier original achievements of Polish social sciences: analyses of the communist system and systemic transformation. The predecessors of institutional studies representing the Polish reformist thought are also indicated. These intellectual trends form a rich tradition that can be a basis for contemporary research. Neo-institutional studies are an important contribution to the reflection on the transformation of Polish society. They also contain interesting, yet disperse comparative material for global research. At the end of the paper, it is proposed to: conduct institutional analysis of new fields, use the experience of systemic transformation to build the theory of institutional change and make greater use of the critical potential of new institutionalism.

Age integration - a term used in social gerontology in at least two senses. In a narrow perspective - adopted mainly in English-language literature - age integration refers to such a structure of social roles in various institutions that allows for differences, but they do not depend strictly on the age structure, i.e. whether someone is a middle-aged adult or in an older age (Phillips et al., 2010). This is particularly about educational, economic, political, religious and leisure institutions in which people from different age groups and generations play different roles and occupy different positions. Age integration is based on the assumption that access to the institution, the possibility of exiting it and access to products (called outputs); services implemented in reality and benefits and outcomes paid out; the effects of implemented services and services, eg reduction of poverty, improvement of health, activities of these institutions is equal for all regardless of age.

The main problem the author deals with at the very beginning of his article concerns the causes of failure of the tasks that were taken up to limit the number of directions with the aid of which a superior institution makes a subordinate institution act according to their own preference. The reason these problems were taken up for is the widely known lack of adaptation of some enterprises to the demand changes, as well as other deficiencies of a given enterprise activity. The author points out to some common features of all the situations in which the number of directions was limited. It is based on the existence of so called institutional verification. We can speak about the institutional verification only when the definitial decisive criterion to give an entreprise a money reward is a superior institution. The aim of this article is to show that there exists a permanent tendency of a superior institution to multiply the number of directions. The origin of this tendency is the impossibility to form such a system of directions which would make the industrial enterprise act according to the preferences of a suprior institution. Any limitation of the number of directions enlarges the divergence between the activity of an enterprise and the direction that a superior institution would desire. The effect of this divergence is the return to the initial situation. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

Assumption of the Treaty about the European Union of 7 February 1992 opened an important chapter in the sphere of the community regulation of the status of citizens of the European Union and its institutional reforms. The treaty constituted the legal construction of the citizenship of the European Union and the consequent rights, which had to be protected by judicial and extrajudicial mechanisms, among them, the institution of the European Ombudsman deserves special attention. The idea of the appointment of the institution of the Ombudsman on the community level was enrolled into experiences in many member countries from which it resulted, i.e. the independent institution like ombudsman, can create the elastic and effective system of the controlling of authorities, warranting that the right is justly practical and protects citizens. This was especially essential in consideration of the fact that the first economic integration and the further enlargement of the competence had gone toward the more and more deeper integration, both legal and political. Further development and the evolution of Commonwealths could not follow separately from citizens and their composite needs, and this manner it was necessary to acknowledge to them additional rights, entering into the range of the new institution of the European citizenship. In the article there was introduced the idea of the European citizenship and its influence on the origin of the European Ombudsman, and also two ideas of the institution of Ombudsman effluent from Danish and Spanish experiences.

The general aim of the paper is a systenatization of concepts and also an analysis of some aspects of the process of forming institutional infrastructure in Europe after the collapse of centrally managed economic system. Characteristic feature of such transformations is that they concern mainly the sphere of non-material components of economic subjects' surrouding. This involves difficulties in monitoring them and in interpreting them in a strict way. Europe needs a transformation of all the elements of its institutional infrastructure. In teh case of such institutions-organizations as European Union or NATO - an evolution is expected towards their more universal character. Within the institutions of codified principles the developing of European political infrastructure (i.e. agreements serving increased co-operation of all States of the region) is more particularly desirable. The element that unites transformations of institutions-organizations and institutions-formali zed principles is the fact that both of them are undertaken fully consciously. Also changes within institutions-non-formalized principles are of much importance for the process of European integration. The changes are the result of very complex and time consuming economic and social developments. The need for such changes involves more particularly the societies of former Eastern Europe which, under specific conditions of centrally planned economy, have developped institutional system quite difficult to adept it to the market economy. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The Reception of Western Institutions as the Implementation of the Ancestors' Way – An Analysis of the Edict on Imitation of Constitutionalism Issued in 1906The main aim of the paper is to analyze the ground-breaking imperial edict issued in the Middle Kingdom in 1906, which introduced a package of reforms aimed to establish a constitutional monarchy. The edict is an important part of the process of selective adaptation of not only certain Western institutions, but also the fundamental principles relating to the core organization of the political community. This process was neither mechanical nor one-dimensional. "Translation" of the Western object was involved in a number of dilemmas and challenges (the relationship between the tradition of the "new"; instrumentality or autotelicity of copying foreign institutions; selection of native counterparts of the copied objects). The main theoretical perspective employed in the paper is the "legal transplant" theory. It enables to point out a broader set of conclusions about the process of copying foreign laws and institutions basing on the particular example from China at the beginning of the 20th century.

At present, the Bologna Declaration is the most important document for the academic community worldwide. This act, signed in 1999 by 29 European education ministers, lists goals that are expected to bring European education systems closer together. The implementation of the Declaration's objectives and their adoption in the development of tertiary education is known as the Bologna Process. The main goal of the Bologna document is to establish the European Higher Education Area by 2010. This noble goal is to be pursued by implementing transparent and comparable systems of research degrees, adopting an education system based on three cycles and common application of credits. Harmonisation of academic communities across Europe would not happen without efforts to promote student and teacher mobility or without joint European efforts to improve the quality of education. Eight years have passed since the Bologna Declaration was signed. The academic community has taken steps to pursue its objectives so it is interesting to see how far they have been put into practice at universities. This will help us to assess the mobilisation of the entire Bologna movement in extenso. Also, such analysis will identify areas where progress has been most significant and those where more effort is required. The arrangements developed by education ministers in Bologna in 1999 and during subsequent (cyclical) meetings in Berlin (2001), Prague (2003), Bergen (2005) and London (2007) should, or even must, be translated into practice. With this in view, the Author attempts to describe the actual progress towards implementation of the Bologna objectives as this considerably influences the development of Poland's higher education. However, not all domestic universities seem to be sufficiently involved. In his discussion, the Author relies on findings from studies conducted in public and non-public schools of tertiary education in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship (one of Poland's provinces). Recapitulation of those studies is likely to produce the real picture of progress towards the Bologna objectives in Poland's higher education. ; Deklaracja Bolońska jest obecnie najważniejszym dokumentem dla środowiska akademickiego w skali globalnej. Akt ten, podpisany przez 29 europejskich ministrów szkolnictwa wyższego w 1999 r., formułuje cele prowadzące do zbliżenia europejskich systemów kształcenia. Realizacja dezyderatów zawartych w Deklaracji, a także ich dostosowanie do zmian zachodzących w szkolnictwie, nazywane są Procesem Bolońskim. Głównym celem zapisów zawartych w bolońskim dokumencie jest stworzenie do 2010 r. Europejskiego Obszaru Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Realizacja tego szczytnego celu polega na wdrażaniu przejrzystych i porównywalnych systemów stopni naukowych, przyjęciu systemu kształcenia opartego na trzech poziomach kształcenia i powszechnym stosowaniu systemu punktów kredytowych. Harmonizacja środowisk akademickich Europy nie nastąpiłaby także bez promowania mobilności studentów i nauczycieli akademickich oraz współpracy europejskiej w zakresie podnoszenia jakości kształcenia. Od podpisania Deklaracji Bolońskiej minęło już osiem lat. Środowisko akademickie stara się wdrażać te założenia, dlatego też warto przeprowadzić rozeznanie, w jakim stopniu i zakresie są one urzeczywistniane w uczelniach. Umożliwi to ocenę mobilizacji całego ruchu bolońskiego in extenso. Wskaże też, w których dziedzinach postęp jest największy, a w których należy zwiększyć wysiłki. Uzgodnienia wypracowane przez ministrów szkolnictwa wyższego w Bolonii w 1999 r. oraz podczas późniejszych (cyklicznych) spotkań - w Berlinie (2001), Pradze (2003), Bergen (2005) i Londynie (2007) - powinny, a nawet muszą, znaleźć odzwierciedlenie w praktyce. Z tego względu autor podjął próbę określenia stanu faktycznego implementacji założeń Procesu Bolońskiego. Wywiera ona bowiem znaczny wpływ na rozwój polskiego szkolnictwa wyższego. Jednak nie wszystkie krajowe uczelnie biorą w niej udział wystarczająco efektywnie. Autor opiera swe rozważania na wynikach badań przeprowadzonych w publicznych i niepublicznych szkołach wyższych województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego. Rekapitulacja tych badań może jednak przedstawiać realny obraz realizacji założeń ruchu bolońskiego w polskim szkolnictwie wyższym.