The article analyzes the pension reform implemented in Russia in 2013–2014, provides the modeling of possible pensions, determines the efficiency boundaries for the use of insurance and savings-insurance schemes offered by the Pension Fund of Russia. The author examines the activities and effectiveness in managing pension savings and reserves from non-state pension funds, especially the system of voluntary savings insurance. The study identifies the challenges faced by these financial institutions, which constrain the development of the Russian pension system. Drawing on logical and econometric analysis the author identifies the competitive opportunity for banks to participate in the Pension Benefits Act, calculates the proposals' efficiency for future retirees and the banking system as a whole, determines the contribution of the proposed solutions to enhanced competition and more competitive banking environment.
In this article, the authors review and analyze the features of functioning and development of a new financial market segment - the cryptocurrency market or electronic cash (specific digital assets). At present, the cryptocurrency segment (and digital financial assets at large) cannot be recognized as a formal institution, since there is no legal framework in this area, and informal interaction regarding the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies is not an established social and financial-economic phenomenon. The analytic comparison using discount methods allows to a certain extent to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of e-cash issuance from the viewpoint of physical persons. The authors identify the main directions in institutionalizing the cryptocurrency segment of the financial sector of the national economy and substantiate the need for legal recognition of cryptocurrencies in the status of digital goods, which in turn involves the need to improve the Russian Federation legal framework.
Приоритетным направлением развития образования является обновление его содержания и методов обучения с целью достижения новых высоких результатов [1]. В статье освещена актуальная на сегодняшний день и имеющая неоднозначное мнение среди психологов, педагогов и родителей проблема цифровизации дошкольного образования, представлен анализ возникающих проблем, с которыми сталкиваются дошкольные образовательные учреждения в связи с организацией цифровой доступности. Цифровизация учебно-воспитательного процесса в дошкольном учреждении рассматривается с точки зрения ее доступности и адаптируемости с учетоминклюзивности образовательной среды. Цифровая доступность предполагает тесную связь многих ее составляющих компонентов (цифровая социализация лиц с ОВЗ, цифровая инфраструктура образования, цифровая организация учебной работы, цифровая доступность инклюзивного образования, цифровые инструменты, сервисы, учебно-методические материалы для детей с ОВЗ), где доступность и адаптируемость играют важную роль в условиях детского сада, создающего особую инклюзивную образовательную среду. В статье раскрыта сущность понятий «доступность цифрового ресурса» и «адаптируемость цифрового ресурса». Анализ отечественных и зарубежных исследований позволил сформулировать определения данных понятий. На основе результатов теоретического анализа и практического мониторинга формулируются рекомендации по обеспечению доступности цифрового материала для разных групп пользователей: для детей, развивающихся в норме, и для детей с особыми образовательными потребностями. Цифровые платформы и ресурсы должны соответствовать основным принципам: воспринимаемости, удобства, понятности и надежности. В статье рекомендации по обеспечению доступности сгруппированы по четырем разделам: текстовому контенту; изображениям, видео и другим мультимедийным ресурсам; навигации; таблицам и формам. Результаты теоретического исследования и наблюдения на практике за учебно-воспитательным процессом с применением цифровых ресурсов позволяют прийти к выводу о том, что цифровая доступность включает в себя множество возможностей для обучения и воспитания детей с особыми образовательными потребностями. The priority direction of the development of education is to update its content and teaching methods in order to achieve new high results [1]. The article highlights the problem of digitalization of preschool education, which is relevant today and about which psychologists, teachers and parents have rather a controversial opinion. The paper presents an analysis of the emerging problems which preschool educational institutions face in connection with the organization of digital accessibility. Digitalization of the educational process in a preschool institution is considered from the point of view of its accessibility and adaptability, taking into account the inclusiveness of the educational environment. Digital accessibility implies a close connection of many of its components (digital socialization of persons with disabilities, digital education infrastructure, digital organization of educational work, digital accessibility of inclusive education, digital tools, services, teaching materials for children with disabilities), where accessibility and adaptability play an important role in a kindergarten that creates a special inclusive educational environment. The main purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the concepts of accessibility of a digital resource and adaptability of a digital resource. The analysis of Russian and foreign studies allowed us to formulate definitions of these concepts. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and practical monitoring, recommendations are formulated to ensure the availability of digital material for different groups of users: for children developing normally and for children with special educational needs. Digital platforms and resources must comply with the basic principles: perceptibility, convenience, comprehensibility, and reliability. In the article, accessibility recommendations are grouped into four sections: textual content; images, videos, and other multimedia resources; navigation; tables and forms. The results of theoretical study and practical observation of the educational process with the use of digital resources allow us to conclude that digital accessibility includes many opportunities for teaching and educating children with special educational needs.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the value orientations of modern youth, which are formed against the background of socio-cultural transformation of society. It is noted that in modern society, there is also a change in family values, which are rendered by the parent family and institutions of secondary socialization. Social institutions should play an important role in the development and maintenance of family attitudes among young people.
The transformation of the institutions of marriage, family and parenthood in recent decades in the context of rapid social, economic, cultural and technological innovations worldwide encourages theorists to look for explanations of the nature and direction of the processes that are taking place. American sociologists of the family Stan Knapp and Greg Wurm present a rather promising systematization of the theoretical approaches to changes in the institution of the family. The criteria of approaches according to the authors' typology: relationality – vertical / horizontal, and dimensionality – single / multidimensional. This article's purpose is to reflect on this typology so that Russian researchers go beyond theorizing in the framework of "opposing paradigms of crisis – modernization of the institution of family" disputes, which are more ideological than scientific. The institutional approach is widely represented in the works of classics of foreign and Russian sociology of the family. The classic institutional approach is expanded upon by the works of representatives of the new institutional approach. In the approach of deinstitutionalization, the main emphasis is placed on increasing individual needs, with "family" being a "pure relationship". The diversification approach, which was mentioned among others by the author of this very article in the mid-1990's, seems to be the most constructive from an empirical point of view. The article shows the diversification of the family institution, the spread of new family structures in many countries with references to empirical studies and statistical sources. Knapp and Wurm, the authors of the presented typology, consider the approach of institutional logic in relation to the family to be promising. The main problems of its application are discussed in article. The application of the classical theory of family development, as it was formulated in the 20th century when normative family paths were dominant, is also problematized, together with the lack of Russian longitudinal studies and works that describe modern family life paths. What western sociologists agree on, and what the analysis of Russian studies confirms, are the differences in the models of organizing private life in different social groups, at least among educated and uneducated citizens. Analysis of trends in the prevalence of alternative forms of family life in different social groups allows us to assess the nature of changes in the institutions of marriage and family, either as evolutionary or transformational.
Well-being of countries depend on several factors. According to new institutional economics one of the main factors of national well-being is the level of institutional development. Drawing on econometric analysis, we prove this hypothesis and show that such indicators as constitutional culture, behavioral prerequisites and perception of institutions are indispensable for the well-being of a country. The paper presents various approaches to "measuring" these indicators and issues related to this.
The constitutional reforms in Russia are amongst the most significant news for Russia's partners in international relations. The configuration of international law and Russian domestic legal order falls within the scope of the constitutional changes of 2020, and there is no chance that this change will be abandoned by the legislator. This particular amendment was not actively commented on during the nationwide discussion on the constitutional reform; it drew mostly experts' attention. The article alleges that the constitutional amendment restricting the applicability of international case law in Russia is both a transient response to the instant political tension around Russia, and a formalization of the positivistic trend well established in domestic judicial practice. The positivistic trend is part of the process shaping Russia's own approach to international law. The prospective amendment concerning international case law in the Constitution of the Russian Federation will not hinder the rules expressly stated in the treaties of the EAEU. However, the resolutions of the EAEU's structures and institutions, including the case law of the Court of the EAEU, are likely to be scrutinized in a defensive way by Russian Constitutional court in situations extraordinary for the Russian State, ensuring their conformity with the unquestionable and unconditional supremacy of the Russian Constitution.
Current processes in the field of public healthcare — optimizing public healthcare institutions, formation of the market of paid medical services, changes in the legislation and in the requirements for qualification of healthcare workers — require new approaches in management. Today is needed not only redistribution of the volumes of medical assistance between different organizations, but also a review of the healthcare infrastructure, which should meet the needs of the population and ensure the quality of medical assistance. Introduction of Professional standards this year and transition to accreditation of all doctors and nurses directly affect the requirements for qualifications of medical workers. All this requires development of targeted training system in higher education and internship, creating a nationwide database of vacancies in healthcare organizations. The formats of work themselves and the requirements for employees are changing. The main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the distribution of medical workers by levels and conditions of medical care. Based on these needs, a new labor behavior of medical workers is being formed, which depends on many factors and needs a high-quality and in-depth study, not only in theory, but also in practice. This article presents the results of studies of the factors affecting labor behavior in the gender aspect. Labor attitudes and values, attitude toward work, labor activity, and job satisfaction are analyzed. There are presented the tools for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the raised issues and formation of personnel reserve. The purpose of the article is to identify the gender aspects of the labor behavior of doctors at healthcare institutions using the example of Moscow. On the basis of the conducted study were identified qualitative gender differences and developed tools that could be used in healthcare organizations for analysis of personnel's work, internal staff rotation, formation of personnel reserve.
This article analyzes the population's self-preservation behavior based on the example of residents of Russia's Central Federal District. It is shown that self-preservation is a critical component when it comes to defining a country's demographical configuration and social development forecast model. Self-preservation and its effects turn out to be a response to consequences of social policy and the overall dynamics of life quality indexes, while shaping generational varieties of chronotopes. Self-preservation trajectories and strategies evolve as a result of socialization assisted by primary social institutions. This article presents the results of studying the population's self-preservation behavior models and the institutional factors which affect their development, while emphasizing the role of social institutions in shaping the people's attitudes in regards to their own health. The influence of primary social institutions such as family and marriage, economic and political institutions, external socialization and the healthcare system on a person's self-preservation attitudes is subject to analysis. Institutional influence is evaluated from a health condition and total life expectancy standpoint, while examining the effect institutions have on establishing self-preservation habitus and strategies, the significance of institutional barriers and the stressful impact that institutions have on the population. The empirical models used were based on studies conducted by the International Sociological Research Center at the Belgorod State National Research University in the Central Federal District in 2019. The results of those studies allowed for defining the role of social institutions within each index of the "importance model". It was found that institutional impact plays a minimal role in terms of the people's health status and solutions for modifying their attitudes towards the matter, while total life expectancy is determined primarily by economic institutions. Self-preservation behavior habitus is shaped through the institution of family and marriage. The study revealed a negative influence on self-preservation behavior through the institutional barriers of external socialization institutions. The healthcare system bore the greatest stress potential. The study can be concluded by saying that the population of the Central Federal District is prepared to assume personal responsibility for their health, and by pointing out a lack of any substantial dependence on institutions: when it comes to the people's evaluation of their own self-preservation strategies, the role of an individual not bound by institutions, together with the institution of family and marriage, dominates in terms of the intrinsic impact of the roles of all social subjects.
The article provides an overview of theoretical and methodological concepts presented by domestic and foreign researchers on the development of physical culture and sports social institution, in order to study its role in the formation of personality and the production of social changes. The emphasis placed on the prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of the sociology of sports as a direction of sociological science in our country and abroad seems to be important. The analysis of researchers' opinions on understanding the specifics of the categories "physical culture" and "sport" is presented. Some theoretical and methodological approaches, such as institutionalism which substantiates the role of social institutions sports in the social practice of different groups of population; a historical approach that allows to analyze the transformation of meanings of terms "physical culture" and "sport"; a sociocultural concept that makes it possible to consider physical culture and sports as elements of a broader category of "culture", as well as the work of modern domestic and foreign scientists in the field of sociology of sports are presented in the article. The author uses the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, content analysis of documents; analysis of statistical data. The novelty of the research issue lies in the critical understanding of the current state of physical culture and sports as social institutions from the standpoint of theoretical and methodological sociological concepts, including the analysis of different points of view on the content of the terms "physical culture" and "sport". The author comes to the conclusion about the absence of a unified approach and interpretation of concepts, their hierarchy: on the one hand, physical culture, considered as a derivative of the concept of "culture", which is basic and includes the concept of "sport"; on the other hand, despite the close semantic meaning, the terms are independent and have characteristic distinctive features. The current situation of instability, high risks caused by a conglomerate of political, economic, epidemiological and other problems affects all spheres of life, including the field of sports, which dictates the need for further sociological research to make motivated decisions at all levels of government in a nutshell and long term.
The article reveals the main directions of using remote technologies in the political process. The main advantages and contradictions of the formation of electronic democracy in Russia have been identified. The main prospects for the formation of the institution of electronic democracy in Russia are analyzed. The authors argue that the institution of electronic democracy allows to quickly discuss socially significant state decisions, enhances the integration of citizens into the political sphere and, in general, increases the level of trust in state institutions.
The scientific article provides a historical analysis of the doctrinal approach to the legal characterization of the right of operational management. Particular attention is paid to the scientific works of Professor S. M. Korneev and his position on the right of operational management as a subjective real right. The position of Professor S. M. Korneev is presented. on the distinction between the right of ownership and the right of operational management, which became the basis for the author's conclusion that the subject of the right of operational management manages the property of the owner for the purposes that the owner sets for the first. The article touches upon the question of the possibility of transferring the powers of the owner to the subject of the right of operational management, the answer to which was given at one time by Professor Korneev S. M., who believed that the owner, transferring this or that power, does not transfer it completely. The author also examines the current problems of applying the norms of the civil legislation of the Russian Federation on the right of operational management, which in most cases take place in relation to private institutions. The question is raised about the subsidiary liability of the founder of the institution for the debts of the latter. It is concluded that it is necessary to revise the main features of the right of operational management in the new economic conditions, which are different from those that took place in the Soviet period of Russia's development.
