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This article aims to present a basic typology & theoretical framework for the phenomenon of organized crime. The text presents a survey & summary of the existing research, focusing on problems with definition of terms, their nuance & sense. Subsequently, I offer a typology of organized crime & a typology of organized crime groups in particular. That is, organized crime groups are the basic participants in organized crime. Adapted from the source document.

This article deals with the nexus between organized crime and terrorism in the region of post-Soviet Chechnya, and the primary goal is to show the connection between the phenomenon of organized crime and non-state armed actors who are generally labelled as terrorists. As a framework for the analysis, we chose the 'Crime-Terror Nexus' typology of Tamara Makarenko. As organized crime and terrorism are interconnected in Chechnya, the organized crime groups in post-Soviet Chechnya usually employ terrorist tactics (and vice versa) for operational purposes. However, in some periods we can find examples of a strong convergence in which criminal and terrorist organizations could merge into a single entity that initially displays characteristics of both types of groups simultaneously. The article also shows that it is very difficult to categorize some Chechen actors, especially those involved in terrorist activities. Adapted from the source document.

Badly defined institutional framework caused many problems of the Czech transition. Designers of the economic reform did not respect the importance of precisely functioning market institutions. No doubts that building institutions supports the functioning of markets. The article analyses why Czech economists & politicians did not understand the problem in the beginning & how they attempted to correct this initial mistake. The Czech (Slovak) economy was in a worse situation if compared with other central European countries because any private sector did not exist there before 1990. Both formal & informal institutions were built here in the green field. After politically sensitive problems with financial crime the building of institutions was accelerated in late 1990s. The process of re-building Czech market institutions continues within EU now. References. Adapted from the source document.

Der Autor setzt sich mit den kritischen Reaktionen auseinander, die das von ihm redigierte Buch "Le Livre noir du communisme" (Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus) geerntet hat. Die von ihm gestellte Frage, wie sich eine dauerhafte Faszination eines Systems und einer Idee, deren Schädlichkeit augenscheinlich ist, erklären läßt, bleibt in dem Aufsatz unbeantwortet. Daraufhin polemisiert er gegen dieer bei den Linken oft vertretene Auffassung, wonach der Kommunismus ein Ideal darstelle, das mit den Geschehnissen in der UdSSR nichts gemeinsam habe. Seiner Überzeugung nach lasse sich den russischen Archiven entnehmen, daß zwischen Personen, Ideen, Institutionen und Praktiken zu Lebzeiten Lenins und dem neuen, von Stalin etfesselten Bürgerkrieg der Jahre l928-9 eine deutliche Kontinuität bestünde. Das Prinzip des Bürgerkrieges glaubt der Autor bereits bei Marx vorzufinden: hierfür zitiert er aus dem "Kommunistischen Manifest". Somit habe die kriminelle Dimension des Kommunismus in der Theorie selbst ihren Ursprung. (BIOst-Hrs)