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Part I. Concept and framework of the East Asian Low-Carbon Community -- Chapter 1. Climate change and low carbon society: coping with uncertainty -- Chapter 2. Climate change strategy and emission reduction roadmap for China, Japan, and South Korea -- Chapter 3. Concept and framework of the East Asian Low-Carbon Community -- Chapter 4. Modeling an East Asian Low-Carbon Community -- Part II Urban-rural Linkage for Low-Carbon Community -- Chapter 5. Realizing a local low-carbon society through urban-rural linkage -- Chapter 6. Development of a tool to optimize urban-rural linkage and a decentralized power supply -- Chapter 7. Local low-carbon society scenarios of urban-rural linkage -- Part III Technology Innovation for Low-Carbon Community -- Chapter 8. Spatial-temporal distribution of carbon capture technology according to patent data -- Chapter 9. Low-carbon technology integration -- Chapter 10. Economic assessment of Japan's nuclear power policy -- Chapter 11. Construction of an East Asia nuclear security system -- Chapter 12. Building a global low-carbon society based on hybrid use of natural clean energy -- Part Ⅳ Social Innovation for Low-Carbon Community -- Chapter 13. Social innovation towards a low-carbon society -- Chapter 14. Achievement of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) through emissions trading in China, Japan, and South Korea -- Chapter 15. Design and analysis of a carbon emissions trading system for low-carbon development in China -- Chapter 16. An empirical analysis of international carbon transfer -- Chapter 17. Global recycling system for an East Asian low-carbon society -- Chapter 18. Building a recycling-oriented society through collaboration between urban and rural areas: sustainable domestic waste treatment "Pujiang model" -- Chapter 19. Potential for cooperation among China, Japan, and South Korea in renewable energy generation -- Chapter 20. Potential for technical cooperation between Japan and China in a third-country market -- Chapter 22. End chapter: Integration of local and global perspectives.

1. Introduction -- 2. Low carbon Britain as spaces of experimentation -- 3. Re-engineering state low carbon architecture -- 4. Exclusive capabilities and low carbon strategies -- 5. Scotland : the low carbon 'Saudi Arabia'? -- 6. Wales : knitting, prioritising and bounding the low carbon region -- 7. Northeast England : the low carbon industrial phoenix? -- 8. Greater London : the race for the low carbon capital -- 9. Greater Manchester : low carbon economic boosterism -- 10. Conclusion : what kind of low carbon Britain?

The climate change arena comprises of a diverse set of interacting actors from international, national and local levels. The multilevel architecture has implications for low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries, an issue is salient to both development and climate objectives. The paper examines this theme through two inter-related questions: how do (or don't) low-carbon technologies get deployed in India's built environment; and what implications can be drawn from the Indian case for effective low-carbon technology development and transfer (TD&T;) for developing countries? By examining the multilevel linkages in India's buildings sector, the paper shows how the interactions between governance levels can both support and hinder technology deployment, ultimately leading to inadequate outcomes. The potential of these linkages is hobbled by aspects of the national context (federated energy governance and developing-country capacity limitations), yet can also be enabled by other features (the climate policy context which may motivate international actors to fill domestic capacity lacunae). Reflecting on the India case, the paper makes recommendations for improved low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries: (1) TD&T; collaboration on a "needs-driven" approach; (2) development of the specific types of capacities required across the entire innovation chain; and (3) domestic strengthening of the coordination and agendas across and between governance levels.

Aiming at the problems existing in low-carbon technology of Chinese manufacturing industries, such as irrational energy structure, lack of technological innovation, financial constraints, this paper puts forward the suggestion that the leading role of the government is combined with the roles of enterprises and market. That is, through increasing the governmental funding the adjustment of the industrial structures and enhancement of the legal supervision are supported. Technological innovation is accelerated by the enterprises, and the carbon trading will be promoted so as to trigger the low-carbon revolution in Chinese manufacturing field.

The EU European Trading Scheme (EU ETS) started operating in 2005 and was established with the EU Climate Package of 2008 as a permanent mechanism for Europe. Now in its second phase, policymakers are evaluating its success to date and considering next steps for its evolution. With the ultimate goal of a low-carbon economy, key questions have been: does the ETS facilitate a shift from carbon-intensive investments to low-carbon investments? What improvements can policymakers apply to accelerate low-carbon investment? To answer these questions, Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and Climate Strategies conducted a multiinstitute analytical project, "Carbon Pricing for Low-Carbon Investment" from February to December 2010. Led by CPI Berlin director Karsten Neuhoff, participating organizations included London School of Economics, DIW Berlin, ETH-Zürich, ISI-Fraunhofer, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. Studies in the project include the following: Climate Change, Investment and Carbon Markets and Prices – Evidence from Interviewing Managers Ralf Martin (LSE), Mirabelle Muûls (Imperial College) and Ulrich Wagner (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) Relative Importance of Different Climate Policy Elements for Corporate Climate Innovation Activities: Findings for the Power Sector Karoline Rogge (ISI Fraunhofer), Tobias Schmidt (ETH Zürich) and Malte Schneider (ETH Zürich) The Role of CDM Post-2012 Alexander Vasa (CPI) and Karsten Neuhoff (CPI) Emissions Trading Schemes under IFRS - Towards a true and fair view Madlen Haupt (CPI) and Roland Ismer (University of Erlangen-Nürnberg) This policy summary describes key findings and implications from the studies included in the project and the workshops hosted in Berlin and Paris. Papers from the studies can be found at www.climatepolicyinitiative.org and www.climatestrategies.org.

To improve low-carbon technology, the government has shifted its strategy from subsidizing low-carbon products (LCP) to low-carbon technology. To analyze the impact of government subsidies based on carbon emission reduction levels on different entities in the low-carbon supply chain (LCSC), game theory is used to model the provision of government subsidies to low-carbon enterprises and retailers. The main findings of the paper are that a government subsidy strategy based on carbon emission reduction levels can effectively drive low-carbon enterprises to further reduce the carbon emissions. The government's choice of subsidy has the same effect on the LCP retail price per unit, the sales volume, and the revenue of low-carbon products per unit. When the government subsidizes the retailer, the low-carbon product wholesale price per unit is the highest. That is, low-carbon enterprises use up part of the government subsidies by increasing the wholesale price of low-carbon products. The retail price of low-carbon products per unit is lower than the retail price of low-carbon products in the context of decentralized decision making, but the sales volume and revenue of low-carbon products are greater in the centralized decision-making. The cost–benefit-sharing contract could enable the decentralized decision model to achieve the same level of profit as the centralized decision model.

Low Carbon Politics focuses on how policies and institutions have influenced the deployment of renewable energy and nuclear power in the electricity sector. Cultural theory is used to analyse this. Egalitarian pressures have had a profound influence on technological outcomes, not merely in securing the deployment of renewable energy but also in increasing the costs of nuclear power. Whereas in the 1970s it might have been expected that individualist, market based pressures allied to dominant hierarchies would deliver nuclear power as the main response to problems associated with fossil fuels, a surprising combination has emerged. Egalitarian and individualist pressures are, together, leading to increasing levels of deployment of renewable energy. This work finds that electricity monopolies tend to favour nuclear power whereas competitive arrangements are more likely to lead to more renewable energy being deployed. It covers developments in a number of countries including USA, UK, China, South Africa and also Germany and Denmark. This book will be of great relevance to students, academics and policymakers with an interest in energy policy, low carbon politics and climate change.

1. The Clean Development Mechanism gold rush / Axel Michaelowa and Jorund Buen -- 2. Development cooperation and climate change : political-economic determinants of adaptation aid / Katharina Michaelowa and Axel Michaelowa -- 3. How Brazil and China have financed industry development and energy security initiatives that support mitigation objectives / Jorund Buen and Paula Castro -- 4. The adaptation fund : towards resilient economies in the developing world / Izabela Ratajczak-Juszko -- 5. Fast-start finance : scattered governance, information and programmes / Martin Stadelmann, Jessica Brown and Lena Hornlein -- 6. New market mechanisms for mitigation : getting the incentives right / Sonja Butzengeiger. [et al.] -- 7. Mobilizing mitigation policies in the south through a financing mix / Daisuke Hayashi and Stefan Wehner -- 8. Market mechanisms for adaptation : an aberration or a key source of finance? / Axel Michaelowa, Michel Kohler and Sonja Butzengeiger -- 9. Harnessing the financial markets to leverage low-carbon technology diffusion / Katie Sullivan -- 10. Climate finance and backstop technologies / Sonja Butzengeiger and Axel Michaelowa -- 11. Manoeuvring climate finance around the pitfalls : finding the right policy mix / Axel Michaelowa.

Studies on the determinants of low-carbon innovations in developed countries already exist. We test here the institutional environment in Poland (science–government–enterprise) as supporters of the technological change in industry towards a low-carbon economy. We will examine as well whether conclusions for well-developed countries are relevant for those catching up. The aim of the article is to assess the systemic nature and durability of the impact of internal and external conditions on the implementation of low-carbon technologies in Polish industry. In order to achieve the goal, two surveys were carried out for the periods 2007–2012 and 2013–2018, on sample sizes of 11,493 enterprises. To verify the hypotheses, a statistical multi–factor logit modelling was used to determine the chances of low-carbon innovations under the influence of various parallel circumstances. The results of this research point to other, often abrupt (unstable) phenomena occurring in the catching-up economy, which are the consequence of a long-term technological gap. The case of Poland shows the lack of cooperation between science, enterprises and the government in stimulating the development of low-carbon technologies, although enterprises do try to implement such technologies on their own in the absence of any external cooperation. Without Research and Development (R& ; D) support and government subsidies, the attempt to implement low-carbon technology fails. Thus, the institutional framework should distinguish between catching-up and developed countries due to the gaps in technological knowledge, cooperation and institutional barriers.

The tangible progress to address climatic change remains painfully slow. As a result, practices to deliberately manipulate the Earth's carbon and energy cycles to counteract climate change have gained traction and they are increasingly incorporated into mainstream debate. This paper examines one of the less documented examples of climate geoengineering, namely the creation of 'super low carbon cows'. Driven by the public's desire for a low carbon pint of milk or beef burger, I show how a combination of bioengineering, technological fixes and management practices have resulted in, and are informing, everyday changes to the way in which animals are bred, cared for and eaten—and in turn, how it affects the food that we consume. Thus, the role of the cow within the Anthropocene now extends from meat machine and sentient being to climate change saviour. I seek to show that super low carbon cows represent part of a wider climate 'responsibilisation' in which business interests and corporate storytelling are governing and enacting everyday mundane practices of climate engineering as part of the corporate carbon economy. Yet, as with other climate 'fixes', this paper shows that the super low carbon cow provides, at best, an imperfect correction. Critical gaps in the evidence of the efficiency of the solutions being advanced remain whilst manipulating an animal to be more climate friendly evokes unease when considering the wider sustainability and ethical impacts. Perhaps most critically, reliance on climate engineering to provide cheap and easy ways to control our climate fails to question, far less address, the ever-increasing demand, production and wastage of food. It also potentially undermines the already weak political will for other essential and more radical responses to climate change. In doing so, I contrast the extensive efforts to change the everyday behaviours of a cow with the limited attempts to meaningfully challenge the everyday practices, consumption lifestyles and dietary choices of the general public.

To mitigate climate change, the governments of various countries have formulated and implemented corresponding low-carbon emission reduction policies. Meanwhile, consumers' awareness of the necessity of environmental protection is gradually improving, and more consumers pay attention to the environmental attributes of products, which all encourages enterprises to have great power to implement low carbon technology. As rational decision makers, members tend to show the characteristics of risk aversion. How to meet the needs of consumers and reduce their own risks has become a key point of low-carbon supply chain management. Considering carbon quota policy, in this paper, the optimal pricing decision-making process of a supply chain system is discussed under risk-neutral and risk-avoidance decision-making scenarios by game theory, and a cost-sharing contract is used to coordinate the decision-making process of a supply chain system. By analyzing the influence of the risk aversion coefficient on the optimal strategies of participants, we find that when the manufacturer has the risk aversion characteristic, the risk aversion coefficient will further reduce the carbon emission rate, the wholesale price of the product and the manufacturer's profit but increase the product order quantity and the retailer's profit. In addition, if consumers have a high preference for low-carbon products, the manufacturer's risk-aversion coefficient will lead to a lower selling price than in the centralized decision-making situation, and the profit of the supply chain system will also be further reduced. When the cost-sharing contract is adopted for coordination, the Pareto improvement of supply chain members' profits can be achieved when the parameters of the cost-sharing contract are appropriate, regardless of the manufacturer's risk-neutral decision or risk-aversion decision.

The key question regarding the strengths and weaknesses of China's capabilities for low carbon innovation to effect dramatic change; and in the context of the unprecedented time pressure of doing so within a single generation. Just as importantly, what can be done to expedite this change, capitalize upon existing strengths and transform or minimize weaknesses? This ebook begins to explore these crucial questions across a number of dimensions. It is not our intention to try to synthesize these findings here into what can only be a prematurely, and so falsely, coherent body of knowledge about lo