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Although the U.S. Congress prohibited treaties with Indians after 1871, there are significant parallels between treaty negotiations prior to that ban and modern Indian tribes' negotiations with the federal government regarding land and natural resource claims. The power balance in both cases has been such that the Indian tribes have had to concede that the United States can unilaterally determine most issues about which it will negotiate. In no case has the government been willing to put its ultimate sovereignty within U.S. borders at issue, and certain rights that tribes may wish to obtain or reaffirm have been off limits as a practical matter. People familiar with Indian policy in the United States sometimes assume that the doctrine of discovery—the claim that European nations acquired title to American land they "discovered," leaving indigenous inhabitants with a mere right of occupancy—is a relic of the past, along with the corresponding colonial mind-set. On the one hand, since the dawn of the current self-determination policy era in the mid-1960s, the property rights of Indian tribes do seem to be held in higher legal and moral regard than during earlier times. On the other hand, in recent years when the Supreme Court and Congress have faced fresh issues regarding aboriginal property rights, both bodies have returned to approaches that have more in common with the proponents of manifest destiny than the professed self-determination policy. Although current federal policy in support of tribal self-determination has undoubted benefits for the tribes, it is the federal government that defines the outer bounds of tribal sovereignty and dictates those outer bounds in much the same fashion as in the nineteenth century. ; https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/faculty-books/1039/thumbnail.jpg

The growth and development of human societies has been diversely analysed across the globe. The distribution and existence of human races and the progress made thereof has put both the genders on the centre stage, where, on one hand men have been shown responsible for major part of development and on the other women as deprived and neglected. This inequality between men and women is probably a most disturbing aspect of many modern societies, though gender inequity is a global phenomenon yet, it is more prominent in developing countries and countries having non-democratic governments. It is most tragic part of human development that major part of female population of present day civilization is facing persistent hunger and abject poverty simply because of their subjugation, marginalization & systematic disempowerment. But of late it is the result of awakening of women's consciousness which has led women to re-define their roles from a subordinate, dependent and child bearing traditional women to the modern empowered women.

The growth and development of human societies has been diversely analysed across the globe. The distribution and existence of human races and the progress made thereof has put both the genders on the centre stage, where, on one hand men have been shown responsible for major part of development and on the other women as deprived and neglected. This inequality between men and women is probably a most disturbing aspect of many modern societies, though gender inequity is a global phenomenon yet, it is more prominent in developing countries and countries having non-democratic governments. It is most tragic part of human development that major part of female population of present day civilization is facing persistent hunger and abject poverty simply because of their subjugation, marginalization & systematic disempowerment. But of late it is the result of awakening of women's consciousness which has led women to re-define their roles from a subordinate, dependent and child bearing traditional women to the modern empowered women.

Peruvian Foreign Policy in the Modern Era is a chronological treatment of Peruvian foreign policy from 1990 to the present. It focuses on the impact of domestic politics, economic interests, security concerns, and alliance diplomacy on contemporary Peruvian foreign policy.In common with other Latin American states, sovereignty, territorial integrity, regionalism, continental solidarity, and economic independence were core goals of Peruvian foreign policy after independence. In modern times, successive Peruvian governments have continued to address these and related issues in a foreign policy grounded in pragmatism and notable for its emphasis on a rational combination of continuity and change. The Fujimori administration (1990-2000) set the stage for this shift in the direction, tone, and content of the nation's foreign policy with successor administrations refining and building upon the initiatives launched by Fujimori.

From before the dawn of recorded history, there has been a rich flow of interaction between Japan and China. Japan has long learned many things from Chinese civilization, and since the modern era China began to learn from Japan. In the twenty-first century, however, China surpassed Japan in terms of GDP in 2010 to become the world's second largest economy. Amid this rapid rise of China and what has been called a power-shift in Japan-China relations, there are signs that bilateral tensions are rising and that the image each country has of the other is worsening. This volume provides a cogent analysis of the politics of the bilateral relationship in the modern era, explaining the past, present, and future of Japan-China relations during a time of massive political, social, and economic changes. Written by a team of internationally renowned Japanese scholars and based on sources not available in English, this book is essential reading for students and scholars of Japan-China relations, Japanese international relations, and the politics and international relations of East Asia.

This research looks at the film Colosseum: A Gladiator's Story directed by Timan Remme and its portrayal of gladiatorial training. Discussing the reality of gladiatorial training in ancient Rome it observes how modern ideas of training soldiers affects our perception of combat in filmmaking. Specifically, the goal is to understand how the US Marine Corps training influences an American audience when viewing a film based on courage within combat. The focus of this research will be on the how the value cultures place on courage affects their reception of how competitors respond within combat. By highlighting the similarities and differences between gladiatorial and military training we will see how the idea of bravery has evolved through time and how contemporary ideas shape our perception of ancient practices.