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THIS ARTICLE ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE CHINA'S NEW INTEREST IN MILITARY MODERNIZATION IN THE REALMS OF BOTH WEAPONS SYSTEMS AND POLICY ACTIONS. IT ATTEMPTS TO LAY OUT THE ELEMENTS OF THE MILITARY POSTURE, ARGUING THAT ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT HAVE ENCOURAGED A POLICY OF CLOSE-IN DEFENSE OF THE CHINESE HOMELAND.

Marx had a specific theory about the nature of non-European societies, and this theory determined his views on the conditions and possibilities of industrialization and modernization in non-Western countries. Yet this theory is hardly known, though it is extremely interesting and sometimes contradicts the more sweeping and general claims made on behalf of Marxism as a universal philosophy of history. Marx elaborated his views on the nature of the non-European world in numerous articles and letters, discussed it in Capital and the Critique of Political Economy, and based his conclusions on a mass of economic, historical, and sociological data. This theory is worthwhile studying both for those who are interested in Marx and for those studying modernization: it has its own difficulties, but it sheds an intriguing light on some of Marx's best insights into historical development and may help to correct some of the current models of modernization.

Current, differentiated sociological & social anthropological theories of modernization are examined with regard to the long-term prospects of socialism & its present strategy of development. The formulation of the prospects of socialist modernization concentrates on theories of cognitive consistency. The role of the personality in modernization is tied to 'the category of higher order, conscious, adaptive responses given to structural extension & enrichment.' Certain aspects of the Hungarian character are discussed in relation to theories of information & systems analysis, which link together the sociological & psychological levels in the process of modernization. D. K. McGuire.

Interpretations of substantial economic development in Spain since WWII usually emphasize either external factors (ie, foreign aid) or internal autonomous influences, acting in combination with the general expansion of Western capitalism. A thesis on Spanish modernization emphasizing external ("exogenous") factors has been offered by Edward Hansen, Jane Schneider, & Peter Schneider (see SA 22:3/G8896 & 24:4/I0811). This view comprehends Spanish development as a result of Spain's dependent relations with Western "imperialist" capital; Spain's development is thus seen as externally caused. This thesis is refuted for overstating Spanish dependency on Western capital & for overlooking the political decisions of Spain's own economic planners. An alternative theory is offered that upholds the case for Spanish participation in the internationalization of capital. D. Dunseath.