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We develop a theoretical model in which ?rms are either private or state-owned. When ?rms become insolvent, the government can intervene with general measures, like subsidies, or by nationalizing ?rms. The government only intervenes when the bankruptcy of a ?rm entails social costs. In a stylized model, we analyze how government interventions a?ect allocative and productive efficiency. Nationalization of private ?rms in case unpro?table investments were made, leads to increased allocative efficiency despite private ownership. The effort level chosen by the managers working for ?rms is also affected by government intervention with an impact on productive efficiency.

carry on the business of banking in all its branches and departments, including borrowing, raising or taking up money; lending or dealing in bills of exchange, promissory notes, coupons, drafts, bills of lading, warrants, debentures, certificates, scrip and other instruments and securities, whether transferable or negotiable, or not; granting and issuing letters of credit and circular notes; buying, selling and dealing in bullion and species; acquiring, holding and issuing on commission, underwriting and dealing with stocks,' funds, shares, debentures, debenture stock, bonds, obligations, securities and investments of all kinds, the negotiating of loans and advances; receiving money and valuables on deposit, or for safe custody, or otherwise; collecting and transmitting money and securities; managing property, and transacting all kinds of agency business commonly transacted by bankers.

We develop a theoretical model in which there are public and private firms and a government. When firms become insolvent, the government can intervene with bailouts or nationalizations. The government only intervenes when the bankruptcy of a firm entails social costs. In this setting, we analyze how government interventions affect allocative and productive efficiency. Nationalizations of private firms after unprofitable investments lead to increased allocative efficiency despite private ownership. The effort level chosen by the managers and employees working for a firm is also affected by the possibility of government interventions, reducing the productive efficiency advantage of private firms.