The article deals with the phenomenon of the information society in the context of non-violence. We analyze the individual's place in modern society. It is proved that it is the fundamental principle of non-violence as a political anthropology may warrant permission of contemporary socio-cultural crises. ; В статье рассматривается феномен информационного общества в контексте проблемы ненасилия. Анализируется место человека в современном обществе. Доказывается, что именно ненасилие как основополагающий принцип политической антропологии может служить основанием разрешения современных социокультурных кризисов. ; У статті розглядається феномен інформаційного суспільства в контексті проблеми ненасилля. Аналізується місце людини у сучасному суспільстві. Доводиться, що саме ненасилля як засадничий принцип політичної антропології може служити підставою розв'язання сучасних соціокультурних криз.
Problem setting. One of the modern forms of violence that requires careful analysis is hybrid war. The events of recent decades have shown that hybrid war is not only a scientific concept, but also a reality today. The phenomenon of hybrid war requires a comprehensive study from both theoretical and practical points of view. Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of hybrid wars is reflected in the scientific works of both foreign and domestic scientists. Among foreign scientists, research in this direction was carried out by R. Glenn, D. Lasik, M. McLuhan, F. Hoffman, who focused on determining the characteristics of hybrid wars in comparison with classical wars, analyzed the strategies and tactical algorithms for conducting such wars, andfocused on poly-straightness and multimodality of this type of violence. On the other hand, domestic scientists, in particular V. Kravchenko, focus on the fact that hybrid war is not an absolutely new phenomenon in world history and gives a number of examples of manifestations of «hybridity» in wars of the past. In turn, M. Senchenko, analyzing hybrid war as an integral phenomenon, defines its information component as the main one which the strategy of this type of war is built around. Paper objective. The purpose of this work is to define the essential characteristics of hybrid war as a new form of violence. Paper main body. The understanding of the essence and content of hybrid warfare in the scientific literature is presented by a number of points of view that complement the understanding of this complex and little-studied phenomenon. As you know, the concept of «hybrid war» was introduced into scientific circulation by the American scientist M. McLuhan. Domestic scientists generally understand hybrid war as military actions that are carried out by combining militaristic, quasi-militaristic, diplomatic, informational, economic and other means in order to achieve strategic political goals. The specificity of this combination lies in the fact that each of the ...
International audience ; This article is a study of translation as a paradigmatic clue of the problematics that is presently debated within French contemporary thought, especially in its ethical current. The main theses Tiphaine Samoyault introduces in "Translation and Violence" (2020). The author, as the title of her work suggests, tries to demonstrate the active negativity part which is present in any translation. Thus she breaks away from most of the dominant discourses which are idyllic since they see in translation a gesture of hospitality, a way of meeting and exchanging with the other. Indeed according to her, there exists a negative part which is inherent to translation, since it means the appropriation of a foreign text, the suppression of its language and the deterritorialization, not only geographical, but also cultural and historical of the other. One must admit that this negativity has seldom been researched thoroughly in the scientific works on translation. The aim of this article will thus be to create a network of, and explain the main notions which Samoyault is leaning on to develop her thesis: antagonism and agonism in translation, différence and différend, linguistic hospitality, discursive ethics, the sensible turn in translation thought, and the ethics of non-translation. One will thus be lead to underline the political dimension which Samoyault's stands implies, intentionally. For in translation the solution of the clashes (of course in language, but also in the various, heterogenic views) remains as a goal that will always be out of reach and is always going away. There follows that a continuous and frantic quest of a consensus which would satisfy both sides is pure fancy. The aim of the article is to draw a map and set in perspective the theses Samoyault contends, as well as constituting a reading guide for a complex and demanding book as a concept. Its ambition is also to retain a pre-prandial value, thus inviting its readers to immerse themselves into the source text. ; Статтю ...
A limitation in financial resources of enterprises to increase financial incentives, in particular real wages of employees, led to paying more attention to the non-material part of motivation. Since the motives and incentives of group motivation have not been studied sufficiently, while the approaches used for individual motivation of employees, are not always applicable for the motivation of a group, the subject of present study is relevant. The goal of present work is to characterize non-material component of labor group motivation, motivational types of workers and to define possible intangible incentives specific to motivate a group to achieve its goal. Labor motivation should be considered as a system of components that represent a set of motives of internal and external origin, stimulating drivers that induce a labor collective to work actively towards achieving both personal and enterprise goals. Highly motivated employees are interested employees and, therefore, when reaching common goals of the enterprise, they satisfy their personal needs and consciously choose a certain type of conduct. We characterized the underlying motives (needs), which encourage employees to work. It is emphasized that the motives that define human behavior in the process of work are in plenty, but it is run by only a few of them, one of which necessarily prevails. A selection of team members with regard to differences in motives provides for the prerequisites for success. We assumed that under critical conditions, motivational needs of both individual employees and groups are mostly related to the expectation of financial remuneration for the work done. Under limited financial resources, it is expedient to use intangible incentives. When choosing them, manager should take into account the fact that in order to improve results of the work, employees must be in an environment that meets their basic emotional state. The integral components of such a "healthy" environment are proper subordination, corporate etiquette, microclimate in the team, presence of an experienced manager. Motivational impact on both the individual worker and the group as a whole is realized taking into consideration the differences in needs, character features, working behavior, status, qualifications, experience, and worldview. Present article characterized motivational types of workers by these criteria and assessed their ability to work in a group by a scale of "low capability - high capability". It was concluded that for the effective motivation of work of the group during team formation, preference should be given to people who can handle household work, who, along with those of the instrumental type, meet the requirements of effective work to a large degree. Recommendations are given on using motivational incentives in the context of the "application of incentives - forming the conditions". Scientific novelty of present research is the identification of motivational type of employee most inclined to work in group by comparing their needs and incentives. Results of the study might be used to create real conditions at an enterprise to build up group labor motivation and to engage each employee for increasing labor productivity. Promising directions for further research is the assessment of effectiveness of particular proposed motivational incentives to increase effectiveness of group work in different spheres of activity.
In article the various approaches to the definition of use of non-violent actions of the Ukrainian political thought are analyzed and problems of non-violence in the Ukrainian political practice are identified. ; В статье анализируются различные подходы к определению ненасильственных действий в украинской политической мысли и определены некоторые проблемы применения ненасильственных действий в украинской политической практике. ; У статті аналізуються різні підходи до визначення ненасильницьких дій в українській політичній думці та визначені проблеми застосування ненасильницьких дій в українській політичній практиці.
In article the various approaches to the definition of use of non-violent actions of the Ukrainian political thought are analyzed and the problems of non-violence in the Ukrainian political practice are identified. ; В статье анализируются различные подходы к определению ненасильственных действий в украинской политической мысли и определены проблемы применения ненасильственных действий в украинской политической практике. ; У статті аналізуються різні підходи до визначення ненасильницьких дій в українській політичній думці та визначені проблеми застосування ненасильницьких дій в українській політичній практиці.
His primary source, as a multimeaning word, term " violence" owes its roots in the audio – visual media from the definition of "culture war." Incorporating all the contradictory experience of mankind, its transformative lessons, it is no longer uniquely opposite category to the "culture of peace". Its philosophical and conceptual dimension is contradictory dialectiction, the transition from one quality to another, the dynamics of many aspects. Socio- psychological and socio- ethical aspects of these unilateral form cons screen "hero" with the aggressive nature, militaristic spirit, stereotyped image of the enemy Concept of "culture war" was created with UNESCO Declaration on the culture of peace, the Programme of Action in the field of culture of peace. Their aim – to promote a global movement of transition from a culture of war and violence to a culture of peace. Calls to non-violence in the third millennium able to generate values such as peacefulness, peace, tolerance, non- aggressive thinking and non-aggressive behavior. This new understanding of latitude amplitude of peacekeeping, not only between the public, but also socio-cultural group of countries with the highest regard first of all cultural and national characteristics.Staying within the human society, violence successfully took its place in the mass media content. Especially the "winner" of its location appears in audiovisual production. And not only the saturation of "pictures" on the screen, and the power of this form of human activity. Unfortunately, catharsis did not sacrifice public acquisition. It is a tribute to old versions mythologizing violence. However, against the fierce mythological character "naturalization of aggression and violence", modernity is characterized by specific manifestations of human cruelty. Erich Fromm called this situation "human passions", which are inherent to the social determinants of human being – violence.Multidirectional forms of violence caused by multitheoretical approaches to its understanding. There was some violence classification offered by Russian scientist G. Kozyrev: on violent forms of interaction, created loss, conflict subjects.Scientists identify as cultural violence "aspect of culture that can be used to legalize violence in its direct and structural forms".The genesis of the problems of violence clearly traced in the direction of contemporary audiovisual media content. The historical part of modern society, unfortunately, undoubtedly provided a constant value known as philosophical statements of Heraklit: " War – [polemos] – the father of all, the king of all: some it makes the gods, others – people, creates some slaves and some free ones", and according to Aristotle: "The violence is a coercion, and this is something that hinders and interferes in anything contrary to the wishes of necessity, so it is also harder". Political traditions, in particular, facilitate the transition to the monopolization of violence from government and law. The modern theory of violence makes an emphasis in the field of political philosophy. The world has embraced as a solid social arrangement. The philosopher Hobbes talks about the impossibility of peaceful coexistence of human existence by virtue of the nature of enmity to one another. This essence of human nature itself lies at the genetic, instinctive level. The idea that human existence is its natural law philosopher John Locke argued in "Two treatises of government".By "social contract" J. J. Rousseau theoretically grounded civil society, making an emphasis on the legal rights of the individual.Made by legal philosophers the foundation of violence laid today as the basis of the constitutional rights of many social groups. Only Kant was proclaimed the eternal law of peace and creation on the basis of its allied relations between people and nations. Here, "even the smallest state could expect their security and rights not from their own forces, but only from a great union of peoples".Dissonant sound of another philosopher actually equates the balance of world postulates on this topic: Hegel wrote: "The war keeps healthy morality of the people in relation to their indifferent certainty to their familiarity and rooting, just as the motion of the wind prevents the lake from the decay that threatens them with long-term comfort, as well as people – long, or, worse, eternal peace".J. Sorel in "Reflections on Violence" talks about proletarian violence: humanity and kindness is the promotion gimmicks that dominate market relations in society.Today, as reflected in the media and on video – modern society distinguishes its violence essence. But in fact the traditions are immutable: change only the type of offenders and their type of crime. Mass encountered in craftiness, they deserve in society more forgiving attitude. There is "a film adaptation of " artistic, journalistic, documentary works with a clear preponderance of violence in the images of intense creative images. Such "intellectuality" of the criminality was not yet known in the history of mass media, but now is widely seen in wars, terrorist attacks, social "squares". The sad conclusion of F. Furet, french historian: " If you add up the total list of famous authors who at different times were communists or sympathized with communism were the nazis or sympathized with fascism, then we get the current Gotha almanac of intellectual, scientific and literary elite".Everyday life is not worth to deduct to the dissatisfaction of culture. The new phenomenon is that modernity created between violence its hero. ; В статье анализируется понятие "насилие" в мас-медийном контексте, что однозначно указывает на его позиционирование как категории, противоположной "культуре мира". ; У статті аналізується поняття "насилля" у мас-медійному контексті, що однозначно вказує на його позиціонуванні як категорії, протилежній "культурі миру".
Non-commercial organizations are an important segment of civil society in Ukraine. In order to develop its institutes it is necessary to change legal regulation. That is why commercial legislation becomes more important as a system of legal acts which define the status of non-commercial entities in business activities. There are no doubts that non-commercial organizations play a significant role in formation of modern civil society. It is possible to notice some changes in solving of national and local tasks related to the development of economy and social security. Activities of these organizations not only ensure operation of numerous public associations but are also remarkable element of the market system. Non-commercial organization is established to ensure equal conditions for all forms of property and types of business entities (irrespective of commercial nature) and as a result universality of mechanisms for indirect commercial relations. Topicality of the research on legal status of non-commercial business in Ukraine is resulted by the following factors: lack of theoretical provisions, existence of numerous problematic issues on fixing certain types of business entities in legislation, non-effective and ambiguous mechanism for legal regulation of their activities which arises in national law. One of the main conditions for business activities particularly non-commercial one is when the state confirms that the entity has entered business legally which is the procedure of legalization. Legitimization of non-commercial business entities includes several stages. All non-commercial entities should undergo the procedure of the state registration which includes entry of information to the Unified State Registry of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organizations as well as the Registry of Non-Profit Organizations. In this regard, legitimization of non-commercial entities is authorization for carrying out of non-commercial activities which means that the business entity obtained the right to ...
Мета дослідження: Визначення напрямів удосконалення неакадемічногостудентського досвіду в умовах трансформації вищої освіти під впливом постмодерністськихтенденцій та особливостей студентів нового покоління.Дизайн / метод / підхід дослідження: У роботі застосовано комбінацію гіпотетико-дедуктивного та індуктивного методів дослідження для всебічного вивчення неакадемічногостудентського досвіду. У межах гіпотетико-дедуктивного підходу автори спираються нанаявні теоретичні положення та результати попередніх досліджень, формулюючи на їхнійоснові припущення щодо сутності неакадемічного досвіду, його структури та чинниківвпливу. Індуктивний метод використовується для узагальнення і систематизації інформації,отриманої в ході огляду наукової літератури.Результати дослідження: Виявлено, що неакадемічний студентський досвід відіграєважливу роль у сприйнятті студентами закладів вищої освіти та якості навчання. Вінохоплює різні аспекти студентського життя, не пов'язані безпосередньо з навчанням, іформується здебільшого через надані університетом студентські послуги. На неакадемічнийдосвід впливають такі чинники як цілі та очікування студентів, інтеграція в університетськежиття, індивідуальні характеристики, минулий досвід і комунікація з персоналом закладувищої освіти. Наголошується на важливості адаптації підходів до формування даного досвідуз урахуванням особливостей сучасних студентів покоління Z.Теоретичне значення дослідження: У роботі систематизовано теоретичні підходи дорозуміння неакадемічного студентського досвіду, визначено його ключові складові тафактори впливу. Результати дослідження роблять внесок у вивчення трансформації вищоїосвіти в умовах постмодернізму.Практичне значення дослідження: Розуміння особливостей формуваннянеакадемічного студентського досвіду дасть змогу закладам вищої освіти вдосконалюватистратегії із залучення та утримання студентів, підвищувати їхню задоволеність і лояльність.Оригінальність / цінність: Запропоновано комплексний погляд на неакадемічнийстудентський досвід з урахуванням сучасних трендів у вищій освіті та характеристик новогопокоління студентів, що становить цінність як для дослідників, так і для управлінців у сферівищої освіти.Перспективи подальших досліджень / обмеження дослідження: Перспективним єподальше вивчення впливу цифрових навичок студентів на сприйняття ними якостіуніверситетських онлайн-послуг у контексті поліпшення неакадемічного досвіду.Тип статті: Теоретична. JEL Classification: I23, I21, M10, M31, Z13
Prostitution is an incredibly dangerous: about 92%-95% of women in prostitution became victims of sexual violence; about 70% of prostitutes suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder; the mortality rate of women in prostitution is many times higher than the average; about 75% of women in prostitution attempted suicide. It has long been believed that effective methods of combating prostitution, including legislation, do not exist. For centuries, only the punishment of prostitutes, the temporary prohibition of prostitution, and/or state control over the field have been practiced. This approach did not yield long-term positive results, moreover, as soon as prostitution became legal to one degree or another, human trafficking increased, violence against women increased, and the persecution of traffickers became more difficult. At present, the situation has changed: international human rights organizations have pointed out that the effective fight against prostitution and human trafficking is possible not through the punishment of prostituted persons, but through fighting demand.
The article reveals the essence of informational violence in the broad and narrow sense and its substantial aspect. It is shown that the information may be contained in any violence and abuse information may be direct and indirect. There is stated that in today's society has developed a system of the public and private informational violence. The role of the media and computer network in the implementation of informational violence is highlighted.There are analyzed the main aspects regarding the content of informational violence.First, more important is not the protection of information and protection of information. Internet – open field for the Information violence. A person who begins to perceive the world through the Internet, there is a new world view. In this situation, even changing the traditional idea of sign systems. First, the huge flow of information shifts from its discrete-level path, possible even without any information content. Secondly, the loss of opportunity to check the information to determine where truth and lies.Secondly, information violence in some way intertwined with terror. Previously, the only kind of information weapons were the media. Today a huge role computer information. If terror through mass media could make only state the effect through computer systems became possible for individuals.Third, among the diverse manifestations of the effects of mass communication occupy a special place effects associated with images of violence, especially in television programs. The emotional effect of the written word is much weaker performance than the TV screen. Television in many ways rejects us back into the world of illiteracy. Prized visual effect on the emotions and fears, rather than appeal strict logic sense. The media have become a secular religion, largely replacing general history, national culture, friends as the main force that creates our perception of reality.Fourth, problem actualized manipulation of consciousness. Manipulation is regarded as soft, «progressive» ruling technology to wise rulers control consciousness of its citizens. Manipulation is not only induces a person under this influence, do what others want, it makes them want to do it. One of the main conditions for successful manipulation is the fact that modern humans basically have neither time nor desire to check the authenticity of messages, because media reports form the worldview of a person living in the information age.Fifth, the availability of information resources for the average user often contributes to its euthanasia, drug addiction, rather than activity. A growing portion of time is spent reading and information search, and, consequently, lower part can be given to organized social action. The individual can be satisfied with the high level of awareness, but ignore their isolation from the decisions and actions he identifies knowledge about critical actions against these problems.Sixth, the information content of the violence is largely determined by the shape control for the effects of the media. media – a tool for a particular method of influence and control – political manipulation. Manipulation is performed by introduction into the mass consciousness of myths, using direct manipulation of facts, suppression of unwanted information spread lies and slander and half-truths and sticking labels.In the article the basic properties Information violence: non-forcible ideal character that is not subject to physical laws; nonlinearity, that is disproportionate dependence causes and consequences; cumulative; the possibility of maximum range and speed of distribution; Copy perfect opportunity; blur in time and space; indirect stealth character and influence; virtual nature of others. ; В статье раскрываются сущность информационного насилия в широком и узком смысле и его содержательный аспект. Показано, что информационная компонента содержится в любом насилии, а информационное насилие может быть непосредственным и опосредованным. Констатируется, что в современном обществе сложилась система государственного и частного информационного насилия. Освещена роль средств массовой информации и компьютерной сети Интернет в осуществлении информационного насилия. Проанализированы основные аспекты относительно содержания информационного насилия: защита от информации, информационный терроризм, изображения насилия в СМИ, манипуляция сознанием, отсутствие анализа информации пользователями, экономический и политический контроль за средствами массовой информации. Определены основные свойства информационного насилия. Предложено типологизацию информационного насилия по субъектам и объектам насилия, по способам и механизмам его осуществления и по степени проявления. ; У статті розкриваються сутність інформаційного насильства у широкому та вузькому сенсі та його змістовний аспект. Показано, що інформаційна компонента міститься в будь-якому насильстві, а інформаційне насильство може бути безпосереднім та опосередкованим. Констатується, що в сучасному суспільстві склалася система державного та приватного інформаційного насильства. Висвітлено роль засобів масової інформації та комп'ютерної мережі Інтернет у здійсненні інформаційного насильства. Проаналізовано основні аспекти щодо змісту інформаційного насильства: захист від інформації, інформаційний тероризм, зображення насильства у ЗМІ, маніпуляція свідомістю, відсутність аналізу інформації користувачами як результат доступності інформації, економічний та політичний контроль за засобами масової інформації. Визначено основні властивості інформаційного насильства. Запропоновано типологізацію інформаційного насильства за суб'єктами та об'єктами насильства, за способами та механізмами його здійснення та за ступенем прояву.
Analysis of a democratic regime from a position of symbolic politics leads to awareness of hybridity, when the characters play the role of control. The study of the reasons for the emergence of symbolic control and the mechanism of voluntary control within the relations "government-citizens" raises many questions. One of them is the phenomenon of the presence of symbolic violence in terms of democratic freedoms. ; Анализ демократического режима с позиции символической политики приводит к пониманию его гибридности, когда символы выполняют роль контроля. Изучение причин появления символического контроля и механизма добровольного принятия этого контроля в рамках соотношений «власть-граждане» ставит множество вопросов. Одним из них является феномен присутствия символического насилия в условиях демократических свобод. ; Аналіз демократичного режиму з позиції символічної політики призводить до розуміння його гібридності, коли символи виконують роль контролю. Вивчення причин появи символічного контролю і механізму добровільного прийняття цього контролю в рамках співвідносин «влада- громадяни» ставить безліч питань. Одним з них є феномен присутності символічного насильства в умовах демократичних свобод.
Analysis of a democratic regime from a position of symbolic politics leads to awareness of hybridity, when the characters play the role of control. The study of the reasons for the emergence of symbolic control and the mechanism of voluntary control within the relations "government-citizens" raises many questions. One of them is the phenomenon of the presence of symbolic violence in terms of democratic freedoms. ; Анализ демократического режима с позиции символической политики приводит к пониманию его гибридности, когда символы выполняют роль контроля. Изучение причин появления символического контроля и механизма добровольного принятия этого контроля в рамках соотношений «власть-граждане» ставит множество вопросов. Одним из них является феномен присутствия символического насилия в условиях демократических свобод. ; Аналіз демократичного режиму з позиції символічної політики призводить до розуміння його гібридності, коли символи виконують роль контролю. Вивчення причин появи символічного контролю і механізму добровільного прийняття цього контролю в рамках співвідносин «влада- громадяни» ставить безліч питань. Одним з них є феномен присутності символічного насильства в умовах демократичних свобод.
Identifying the prospects of reconciliation at various stages of the violent conflict is a matter of urgent concern, since during the conflict the foundations of a post-conflict settlement are laid down, the effectiveness of reconciliation and the possibility of building peace in the future depend on. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of interaction between the parties during the deep interstate conflict and between the parties during the civil conflict within the state. Applying systematic, analytical and comparative methods, the author characterizes political reconciliation as a long-term social and inclusive process, which is designed to transform the unhappy co-existence of the parties to the conflict into a common political participation in public institutions and political processes through the gradual education of respect for both new institutions and former enemies. The four components of reconciliation – peace, justice, truth and forgiveness – must be interconnected in this process. As a result of the study, the author determines the obligatory elements of the interaction between the parties during and after the violent conflict, socio-psychological means of perception and interpretation of the past and future, the development of positive relations and reformatting them cultural and value paradigm, as well as the transformation of socio-economic reality. The conclusions revealed that the ideal model or perfect method of reconciliation after a violent conflict does not exist, therefore, in each particular case, the particularities of reconciliation vary, depending on the ability of the parties to creatively and effectively approach the process of reconciliation, from their ability to assume consistently the loss, cruelty and pain of the past for the sake of prospects for a common future. At the same time, the author comes to the conclusion that the prospects of reconciliation during and after the end of the violent conflict are determined by the practical manifestation of cooperation ...
У статті автором привертається увага до проблеми сталкінгу в сучасному суспільстві, поняттю та ознакам цього феномену. На підставі аналізу чинного законодавства, піднімається питання про криміналізацію сталкінгу. Визначаються основні напрямки комплексного підходу до запобігання сталкінгу як одного з різновидів гендерно зумовленого насильства. ; В статье автор обращает внимание на проблему сталкинга в современном обществе. Анализирует понятие сталкинг и его признаки. На основании анализа действующего законодательства, подымается вопрос о криминализации сталкинга. Автор предлагает основные направления комплексного подхода по предупреждению сталкинга как одного из видов гендерно обусловленого насилия. ; The author's article pays attention to the problem of stalking in modern society, the concept and features of this phenomenon. In accordance with the analysis of current legislation, the question of criminalizing stalking is raised. The main directions of an integrated approach to stalking prevention as one of the types of gender-based violence are identified.An important objective towards the formation of a society that is devoid of gender stereotypes is the development and improvement of laws regarding gender component. An extremely necessary issue is the prevention of gender-based violence, which has recently become developed in a new field and needs both the international community and the leadership of individual countries. First of all, the prevention of violence is an activity aimed of protecting and preserving life, ensuring respect for each other, equal communication and respect for the other person's difference, respect for the choice of another person.The issue of responsibility for stalking, including the use of electronic means of communication, is extremely used today. The state of development of electronic communications is relevant so they are used not only for good but also for illegal purposes. In this regard, the legislator needs the attention of the criminalization of stalking. Criminalization of prosecution will provide a comprehensive impact on the phenomenon under study, as well as implement not only punitive but also the preventive function of criminal law. In this aspect, the issue of educational psychological study with people is relevant, because it is based on real or imagined interpersonal conflict, which generates the behavior of persecution, harassment, intimidation and more. Only integrating the capabilities of different institutions, both punitive and educational, by using the capabilities of media companies, NGOs, hotlines for counselling and emergency care, the establishment of criminal liability can be an effective tool to prevent stalking.
