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One of the aims of the new electoral law of Hungary has been to define a fairer apportionment into voting districts. This is ensured by a set of rules slightly more premissive than those laid out in the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters of the Venice Commission. These rules fix the average size of the voting districts, require voting districts not to split smaller towns and villages and not to cross county borders. We show that such an apportionment is mathematically impossible. We make suggestions both to the theoretical approach to resolve this problem, study the properties of our approach and using our efficient algorithm and the data of the 2010 national elections we determine the optimal apportionment. We also study the expected effect of demographic changes and formulate recommendations to adhere to the rules over the long term: increase the number of voting districts to about 130, allow the number of voting districts to change flexibly at each revision of the districts and base the districts on regions rather than counties.

The constantly changing economic and social environment is of paramount importance to the environment of labour law regulation today given that the socio-economic definition of labour law can be considered on the basis of the current idea thereof. Adaptation to the changing environment requires that labour law regulations also adapt properly to the changes. As a result, we may encounter a number of new employment relationships today, which will generate additional problems to be resolved with regard to labour law.

The study constitutes a brief historical overview of the development of the contract of mandate, as regulated in Romanian law. Firstly, the roots of this contract in antiquity and in Roman law are discussed, and the evolution of its major characteristics are revealed. Subsequently, the author presents the regulations applicable to the contract of mandate under the first modern codifications of Romanian civil law in the Calimach and Caragea codes, the Commercial Code of Wallachia of 1840, the Romanian Civil code of 1864, the Commercial Code of 1887, and the Civil Code of 2009, currently in force. The author presents the major historic evolutions of the Romanian regulation pertinent to the nature of the contract, the parties, their remuneration, the effects of the contract inter partes and towards third persons as well as the changes in regulatory logic from the differentiation of commercial and civil mandate to the unification of the two institutions in the Civil Code of 2009.

Tanulmányunk a nemzetközi rendszer átalakulásával foglalkozik, azt Polányi kettős mozgásának a nemzetközi politikai gazdaságtan három vizsgálati szintjére (rendszer szintje, nemzetállam szintje, ideák szintje) való kiterjesztésével mutatja be. A cél annak az ingamozgásnak a bemutatása, mely az önszabályozó piac és a Bretton Woodsi "beágyazott liberalizmus" között írható le. Bemutatjuk azt is, hogy a populista pártok napjainkban megfigyelhető növekvő népszerűsége a piacosító folyamatokkal szembeni ellenmozgásként értelmezhető. = Our paper examines the transformation of the international economic system. We examine the process of Polanyi's double movement on the three levels of analysis of the international political economy: systemic, domestic and cognitive. Our aim is to show that during the development of the international system a certain pendulum is present which swings between the idea of the self-regulating market and 'the embedded liberalism' of the Bretton Woods System. We will also show, that the increasing popularity of populist political parties might be also understood as a countermovement against forces of marketization.

The largest ethnic minority of the European Union is constituted by the approximately 10-12 million Roma population. Geographically they are primarily located in the South Eastern European EU Member States, and the solution of the Roma question constitutes a number one problem in the home affairs of these countries. Most of the countries are already members–or candidate members –of the European Union but their joining to the Western market economies is not lacking problems. As a consequence of the current financial and economic crisis, the EU has become even more "two-speed". In this crisis situation the situation of the Roma population living here has become particularly hopeless. The rapid increase in the number of the Roma population in South Eastern Europe living among the conditions of the demographic boom, as well as their geographical expansion intensify the sensitivity of the mainstream society regarding the questions of the transforming coexistence. The shift in the ratio within the population sharpened and magnified the differences between the dissimilar lifestyle and the philosophy of life respecting the two major social groups which led to sharpening tensions. Of course, the deeply desperate Roma population makes more and more attempts in order to be able to migrate from the South Eastern European countries to the richer regions of Western Europe and North America in the hope of an easier life. They, however, face more and more obstacles. The social and economic integration of the Roma population in Hungary is mainly hindered by the low level of education, the high level of unemployment, criminality and the existing prejudices experienced in the mainstream society.

"A properly trained and experienced HR professional not only understands what kind of employees an employer needs but is also able to smooth out disagreements that can lead to the loss of valuable human labour or the weakening of the employer's economic position. The research examines the out-of-court settlement of conflicts in the field of employment in the strict sense, which can make labour conflict resolution not only more rapid but also cheaper than litigation and more effective than termination of employment. Last but not least, it also opens up space for innovation.
The literature on innovation is extensive, with many also researching how a company can grow through innovative solutions arising from exchange of views between employer and employee. However, little research is done on how workplace conflicts and their solutions can steer parties towards innovative corporate leadership. In resolving conflicts, new ideas, concepts, and strategies can emerge in both the employee and the employer that can become the key to shared development, and thus mediation as a hidden resource can participate in corporate operations."

Due to technological developments in recent years and decades, an increasing number of e-mails and other electronic messages have appeared among the means of evidence submitted during labour lawsuit proceedings, which in the vast majority of cases are accepted and evaluated by the courts without question. However, most people (including the judges) are unlikely to be aware that there is a high chance that these documents are in themselves constituting infringing evidence from both a procedural and a data protection point of view. The study seeks to answer the question of whether, nevertheles there is a way to legally take these documents into account in litigation.

The regulation of the Compromise between the Hungarian and Croat parties concluded in 1868 aimed to reach back in a large scale to the results of the political-administrative 'status quo' before 1848. Provisions of administrative competence on the central tier of administration, i. e. "corpus separatum" took place pursuant to 'Pragmatica Sanctio' referring also to Fiume as a port enjoying privileges, with the exception of the surroundings of Fiume administratively being annexed to Croatia, following the request of the Sabor of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Further provisions would have been necessary for the clear delimitation of tasks and scope of the particular administrative matters. This would have been possible to perform on the legislative branch provided and agreement had been concluded between the regularly appointed parliamentary committees. However, this attempt persisted to fail further on. The intermittent status hence legalized, i. e. the 'provisionary status' was maintained until as late as the end of the First World War (1870–1918). In the first period, until the 1880s, national and political conflicts and default of standing regulation basically determined development in Fiume and the avail to the local capabilities; this is the time when the foundation was laid down for the development escalating during the 1880s.

The arsenic poisonings of Tiszazug were committed in Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century. They cannot be considered unique despite the fact that they have many specialities. The forensic speciality of this homicide series is that crimes against human life in this area occurred in a significant number for almost two decades in small communities. The vast majority of the victims were close relatives of the perpetrators. Another peculiarity is that the victims were typically men, and the vast majority of perpetrators were women. The III. Council of the Hungarian Royal Court led by Ferenc Finkey had to make a final decision in 12 arsenic criminal suits and sentenced five women to death from Tiszazug.

The aim of the study is to present the European Parliamentary elections taking place on 22 May 2014. The first part of the study focuses on the results, the Europeans and the Hungarian as well. The turnout was almost the same as last elections in 2009, but the balance of power has been shifted slightly. The political groups have remained almost the same like before. The European People's Party lost several mandates, the Socialists and the Greens managed to maintain almost the same size of group with a small loss, while the liberals lost the biggest. The European Conservatives became the third biggest political group in the newly elected European Parliament. The left wing parties are also the winners of this election: the GUE/NGL succeeded to gain several new seats. The study also shows how the newly elected European Parliament (EP) held its inauguration session. The first step was the formation of the different political groups. Then, during its inauguration session held in Strasbourg, the new members of the parliament elected the President, the 14 Vice-Presidents, and the quaestors. In addition, the essay gives a short outlook to the ongoing institutional changes, mainly concentrating on the new European Commission.

One of the biggest problems of game management is game damage which goes to great expense. It has been increasing since 1994 countrywide. In the last hunting year more than 1600 million HUF were paid nationwide for it. Nearly 10% of it was paid by the largest game manager company the SEFAG Inc. in Somogy county. According to various literary sources the reason of forest- and agricultural damage is the increasing number of deer and wild boar. In spite of it we suppose that game damage is influenced by other factors. We set examining these factors as an aim with the help of the methods of statistic and operative research. We have the basic pieces of information from the data base of the two forestries of SEFAG Inc. In the two forestries the amount of game damage, the number of the cases and the amount of missing crop grew. The quantity of damaged fields shows a downward tendency in the case of Kaposvár Forestry. There is a strong connection between the game damage cases and the amount of game damage. Per capita the game damage rose in the Kaposvár Forestry while in Zselic Forestry it fell. Examining the measurement of the fields we came to the conclusion that in most cases the majority of game damage falls to the areas with less than 5 ha. While the amount of game damage and the missing crop – depending on the forestries – are the largest in the cases of the areas with more than 10 ha. There is an inverse relationship between the plot size and the number of the cases, a medium inverse relationship between the plot size and the amount of game damage and a weak inverse correlation between the plot size and the missing crops. ; A vadgazdálkodás egyik legnagyobb problémája a nagy kiadásokat jelentő vadkár, amely 1994 óta országos szinten nő. Az elmúlt vadászati évben az országosan kifizetett összes vadkár több mint 1,6 milliárd Ft volt. Ennek közel 10%-át fizette Somogy megye legnagyobb vadgazdálkodója a SEFAG Zrt. Több irodalmi forrás szerint az erdei- és mezőgazdasági kár oka a túlszaporodott szarvas- és vaddisznóállomány. Ennek ellenére feltételezhető, hogy a vadkárt más tényezők is befolyásolják. Ezek vizsgálatát tűztük ki célul, a statisztika és az operáció kutatás módszereinek segítségével a SEFAG Zrt. Kaposvári és Zselici erdészeténél. Mindkét erdészetnél nőtt a vadkár összege, az esetek száma és a vadkár által kiesett termény mennyisége. A károsított parcellák mennyisége azonban a Kaposvári Erdészet esetében csökkenő tendenciát mutat. A vadkár esetek és a vadkár összege között szoros összefüggés van. Az egy hektárra vetített vadkár (q/ha, Ft/ha) a Kaposvári Erdészetnél nőtt, míg a Zselicinél csökkenő tendenciát mutat. A parcellaméret nagyságát vizsgálva arra a következtetésre jutottunk, hogy a vadkár esetek többsége az 5 hektárnál kisebb területekre esik, míg a vadkár összege és a kiesett termés mennyisége – erdészettől függően – a 10 hektár feletti területeken a legnagyobb. A parcellák nagysága az esetek számával ellentétes kapcsolatban van, a vadkár összegével közepes, míg a kiesett termény mennyiségével gyenge ellentétes kapcsolatot mutat.

"Following the coming into force of the new Social Dialogue Act in 2011, the Romanian collective bargaining system has fundamentally changed due to the restructuring of the levels of collective bargaining and the definition of the representativeness criteria. The collective agreement is the central institution of the collective labour law, the existence or non-existence of it, the content of the agreement being of a real interest for the enforcement of employees' interest. The new regulation significantly weakened the bargaining power of the social partners, which very soon led to a drastic reduction in the number of the concluded collective agreements.
In our study, we try to point out the problematic issues of the Romanian regulation related to the collective agreement, anticipating at the same time the possible new perspectives opened up by the attempt to amend the law."

After Germany introduced the unrestricted submarine warfare at the beginning of February 1917, the United States declared war on 6th April 1917 on Berlin and joined the First World War beside the Allied countries. In response to the declaration of war the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy broke off its diplomatic relations with Washington on the 9th April 1917. The martial law between the two states came into force on the 7th December 1917 with the US's declaration of war. The First World War ended with the victory of the Entente and the peace was dictated by the victors. US President Woodrow Wilson achieved that the victorious powers adopted the League of Nations Covenant in April 1919, which became part of the Paris peace treaties. The US domestic politics was divided over the League of Nations, and as a result of that the US Senate has not ratified neither Germany's nor Austria's and Hungary's peace treaties. The US concluded a separate peace treaty with the losing countries on the basis of the Knox-Porter-resolution. In the history of diplomacy the Knox-Porter-resolution became known as a peace resolution that abolished the state of war between the parties, but the United States has assured all the rights guaranteed by the ceasefire agreement and the peace treaty. The study deals with the preliminaries, the parliamentary debate, details of the ratification, and also describes the most important points of the peace treaty between the United States and Hungary signed on 29th August 1921.

The aim of the study and the related presentation was to analyze the rules of the Hungarian and Polish administrative procedures in relation to the client status of (minority) NGOs, especially those belonging to the Polish nationality, in order to draw conclusions and make recommendations in the administrative proceedings to develop and promote the participation of non-governmental organizations. The presence of these organizations, especially in cases where there is a conflict of interest and / or the presence of a large number of clients, can make a major contribution to increasing the transparency of the regulatory process, achieving the actual objectives of the regulatory process and exercising adequate social control. A comparison of the experiences of Hungary and Poland is made possible by the accession to the supranational legal order of the European Union, which started at a similar time, and by the harmonization processes and similar legal and social conditions. The research related to the lecture was supported by the Wacław Felczak Foundation, with a scholarship called "Jagello".

The aim of this article is to discuss the main benefits of and problems with the creation of the EU single market and to indicate the main activities to eliminate the still existing barriers. The EU single market is the greatest success of European integration. It enables afree movement of people, goods, services and capital; for consumers, this means agreater choice in goods and services as well as lower prices. The EU single market also poses an opportunity for employees and businesses as administrative burdens involved in trans-border activity are decreased. However, in reality, there are a number of barriers hindering the smooth functioning of the single market. For the futurę of the EU single market, it is key to remove these barriers; therefore, it is with this purpose above all that the EU initiatives and activities for the market growth are undertaken. In addition, there are appearing new challenges connected with globalization, technological progress, the growing importance of services, the increase in unemployment in certain countries, and climate and the environment protection.