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The globalization of the seafood supply chain, together with the difficulty in visual identification of prepared seafood products, makes quite easy to commit frauds by substituting high-value species with less expensive ones. The traceability systems implemented at international level should be the answer to solve this issue and the accurate labeling of seafood species throughout the supply chain has become quite important for the protection of the consumers. Currently, the European Union (EU) has established a legal framework for the management of seafood label (Reg. No. 1379/2013), while in China, despite its increasingly important role in the world's seafood market, a specific vertical regulation for fishery product traceability and an official system for the assignment of the trade names are still not available. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to develop rapid, economic and highly sensitive methods for the identification of seafood species. DNA-based methods are the most applied for species identification due to the high resistance of nucleic acid to physical-chemical treatments that allow to recover diagnostic fragment of DNA even in processed products. However, the most appropriate DNA based method to be used should be selected according to the species and the kind of products to be analyzed. In this perspective, the research activities were aimed: (I) to develop a simple and cost-effective bead-milling method for DNA extraction from fish muscles, (II) to develop a DNA-based method to verify the labeling accuracy in the light of the European provisions, (III-IV) to investigate the phenomenon of species substitution in China, (V) to assess the possible implementations of the Chinese labeling system through the introduction of official denominations, in light of EU. The bead-based method developed in the first work allowed to obtain acceptable amounts of DNA, with good purity and amplificability. Although the salting-out method has been confirmed as the most effective protocol in terms of pure performances, the bead-milling procedure can be considered a valid alternative. In the second work the analyisis of canned pet food commercialized on the EU market and claiming to contain high price ingredients was performed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and and Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing (FINS). An impressive rate of mislabeling (100% for whole minnows and 40% for tuna fillets) was highlighted. DNA and mini-DNA barcoding technique was applied for the identification of commercial products sold with the Chinese term 鳕(Xue, Cod) in supermarkets (Nanjing and Shanghai) and in the online market in China. The mislabeling rate was assessed according to three increasingly stringent definitions due to the lack of harmonization around the definition of Cod in China. A very high mislabeling rate, which exceeded 60% even with the less stringent definition, was highlighted. The same technique applied for the identification of fish products sold on the Chinese e-commerce market as Anoplopoma fimbria highlighted an alarming overall misrepresentation rate of 85,7%. Finally, through the analysis of the commercial designations officially adopted by 5 European Member States (MSs) (Italy, France, United Kingdom (UK), Germany and Spain) and of those adopted on international lists of Chinese names such as the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Service (ASFIS), FishBase and the Latin-Chinese Dictionary of Fish Names (LCDFN) for Cod, Salmon and Tuna species, possible implementations of the Chinese labeling system through the introduction of official denominations were suggested.

Via verde e via d'oro. Le politiche open access dell'Università di Firenze addresses the multifaceted issue of free and open access to knowledge. Open access is a movement born in the last century with the aim of improving the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Over the last ten years, the movement has experienced a growth of interest due to the positions taken by the most important research institutes of the world, and to the legislative interventions of political and academic bodies. This publication analyses the reality of open access from the different points of view of the people who bring it to life: authors, publishers, academic world, legislators, users of knowledge, etc. The University of Florence, which is among the major players in the promotion of open access in Italy, has long been following the march in favour of open access, through the use of the green road with FLORE, its institutional repository, and of the gold road with Firenze University Press (FUP), whose publications have been available through open access since the early 2000s.

Open data are key-tools for open government strategy. In Italy, from the so-called Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale (2005) to the Freedom of Information Act (2016), the regulatory framework on open data has started offering precious resources for transparency, participation, and collaboration. Yet, along with regulatory innovations, open government and open data strategies require a renewed civic culture in action, new ways to become citizens and to act as citizens. Civic hacking – through practices that stimulate public data's transparency, openness, and reuse – provides a privileged observatory on the new forms of citizenship in the heterogeneous contexts of open government. The study described in this article explored, in 2015, the practices of civic hacking developed in Italy by data-journalists and active citizens, analysing the civic culture that was in action through these practices. Drawing upon Dahlgren's analytical framework of civic cultures, the exploratory study aimed to understand what kind of civic knowledge, values, trust, and identity was embodied in the practices of the Italian civic hackers and what kind of space enabled these practices. In order to contact civic hackers, who could give sense to these actions, disclosing – through qualitative interviews – their cultural resources, the study employed the online channels of three Italian communities engaged in open data and digital innovation – as suggested by "key-informants". The interviewees discussed practices of civic hacking orientated toward transparency and accountability, in order to "hack" the Italian Public Administration, still "closed", despite the available norms. Few practices, among the ones reported by the interviewees, re-used open data and shared them, encouraging logics of participation and collaboration. The civic culture that drives these practices is built on a mix of knowledge and skills, values that are typical of hacker ethic, experienced in remote and physical spaces. The interviewees feel to be able to make a difference in the Italian public sector organizations, in concert with other civic hackers. This exploratory study opens research paths on the vitality and the transformation of civic hacking in the renewed Italian regulatory framework on open data.

Il seguente lavoro analizza lo stato dello sviluppo e dell'utilizzo degli Open Data su vari livelli e l'impatto che gli stessi possono avere in alcuni settori dell'economia, del sociale e della politica. L'analisi parte da come questi sono nati e dallo sviluppo che hanno avuto, soprattutto negli ultimi decenni; tratta in seguito la definizione di Open Data e ne analizza le varie caratteristiche, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi che questi possono presentare a livello economico; si analizzano anche i vari stadi di sviluppo in cui si trovano i vari paesi mondiali in questo ambito; fornisce un'analisi dei profili giuridici correlati a livello globali, comunitario e nazionale; studia le prospettive e i progetti di crescita in atto nel settore, le raccomandazioni per proseguire con il processo di sviluppo del settore ma anche le eventuali barriere che si possono opporre allo stesso. Analizza infine come questo tipo di dati possa essere applicato con successo a delle attività economiche, tramite lo studio di alcuni casi aziendali. Il lavoro conclude con le valutazioni personali dell'autore.

Some European Union Member States have since 2013 enacted legislation to give authors the inalienable and unavailable right of making their scientific works available in Open Access to the public. Works that represent the result of research financed with public funds although previously published by commercial publishers. A recent Italian legislative proposal moves in the same direction. The right to make scientific work available in Open Access to the public is an important shield of academic freedom. The topic is worth considering with the aim to discuss existing legislative models, the proposed Italian law and possible future developments. ; Trento LawTech Research Paper nr. 37

Literaturangaben

Webinar 11 e 24 maggio per CSTF - Università di Torino Modulo 1: Perché serve la Open Science; Politiche europee di apertura: come siamo arrivati a EOSC e Horizon Europe; le novità di Horizon Europe: Open Science rientra nella fase di valutazione ex ante della proposta di progetto Modulo 2: Pratiche Open obbligatorie (per testi e dati) in Horizon Europe; pratiche Open raccomandate (ma valutate per approvare la proposta di progetto); suggerimenti di pratiche Open, Open Access a zero embargo, gestione dei dati FAIR by design

Webinar 11 e 24 maggio per CSTF - Università di Torino Modulo 1: Perché serve la Open Science; Politiche europee di apertura: come siamo arrivati a EOSC e Horizon Europe; le novità di Horizon Europe: Open Science rientra nella fase di valutazione ex ante della proposta di progetto Modulo 2: Pratiche Open obbligatorie (per testi e dati) in Horizon Europe; pratiche Open raccomandate (ma valutate per approvare la proposta di progetto); suggerimenti di pratiche Open, Open Access a zero embargo, gestione dei dati FAIR by design ; Ver.2: aggiunta registrazione video modulo 1

Webinar 11 e 24 maggio per CSTF - Università di Torino Modulo 1: Perché serve la Open Science; Politiche europee di apertura: come siamo arrivati a EOSC e Horizon Europe; le novità di Horizon Europe: Open Science rientra nella fase di valutazione ex ante della proposta di progetto Modulo 2: Pratiche Open obbligatorie (per testi e dati) in Horizon Europe; pratiche Open raccomandate (ma valutate per approvare la proposta di progetto); suggerimenti di pratiche Open, Open Access a zero embargo, gestione dei dati FAIR by design ; Ver.2: aggiunta registrazione video modulo 1 Ver.3: aggiunta registrazione video modulo 2