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The paper discusses the normative principles on which Brazilian policies towards foreign direct investment should be bared. It starts from considerations about global trends regarding world industrialization and trade and seeks to identify some crucial elements in the relationship between Brazil and the world economy. Next the paper deals with issues related to market access and technological transfer emphasizing the importance of foreign firms for the future of Brazilian industrialization and export performance

O artigo examina a dinamica da industria brasileira de cimento dando enfase a concorrencia entre as empresas nacionais e estrangeiras. Primeiramente, sao analisadas as caracteristicas estruturais da industria, que determinam o baixo grau de oligopolizacao do setor, apresentando-se a seguir a evolucao das principais empresas internacionais e domesticas desde a emergencia da industria (1926/42) e a sua consolidacao estrutural (1943/67), ate a expansao do setor no ciclo do "milagre" (1968/83)

The paper explores the determinants of investment in Latin America. The regressions use quadrennial panel data for the period 1970-1985 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela. The decline in private investment shares seems to result from the deterioration in the terms of trade, the decline in growth, a reduction in complementary public investment, increased macroeconomic instability, and from a large stock of foreign debt. The real exchange rate and the real rate of depreciation have no significant role in the determination of private investment

During the 70's, financing investment in Brazil was based on the classical patterns of state and external engagement that prevails in early stages of development. But this pattern breaks down as the public sector looses its savings capacity. In the second part of the 80's, the private sector assumes an increasing role in investment

This article examines the record of structural reforms & regional economic integration in Latin America during the last few decades. In contrast to the optimism of the early 1990's, there is a sense of confusion & frustration across the region today. Growth has slowed, new investment has declined, & chronic problems of inequality & poverty persist. A slow but perceptible political backlash against orthodox market-oriented policies has set in. In light of these developments, this article aims at rethinking the last three decades of economic reform in the region. First, it examines some recent work on the economic policies in place in Latin America before the recent neoliberal reforms -- those of import substitution industrialization. Second, it discusses the wide variation in the implementation of market oriented policies in the region. Third, it looks at the impacts of these reforms, including their disappointing results in certain areas. Fourth, it analyzes the search for a new consensus on economic policy & trade integration in the Americas. Adapted from the source document.

Em 1996, o Brasil empregava mais de 5.000 pesquisadores em tempo integral, e gastava mais de $1 bilhão (em dólares internacionais de 1993) em pesquisa agropecuária; cerca da metade do gasto total em pesquisa agropecuária de toda a América Latina. Grande parte da pesquisa é desenvolvida por organizações públicas; 79 porcento deste total por organizações federais e estaduais e 15 porcento por agências de ensino superior. A Embrapa, empresa criada pelo Governo Federal em 1972, ainda é a organização mais importante de pesquisa do país, sendo responsável por mais de 57 porcento dos investimentos feitos em pesquisa agropecuária em 1996 (um percentual de gastos ligeiramente superior ao obtido em meados dos anos 70). A intensidade com que o Brasil investe em pesquisa agropecuária é alta para os padrões da América Latina e está se tornando comparável às intensidades encontradas em alguns países desenvolvidos. Em 1996, o Brasil investiu $1,70 para cada $100 do PIB agropecuário. Desde 1976, o suporte financeiro para a pesquisa agropecuária tem, em geral, apresentado uma tendência crescente. Todavia, desde meados dos anos 90 o financiamento da Embrapa tem diminuído significativamente – por um lado devido à uma redução dos recursos nominais e por outro aos efeitos da inflação. O mesmo tem ocorrido com muitas organizações estaduais, o que tem resultado em várias extinções e fusões de tais organizações com agências de extensão rural. -- Resumo ; Non-PR ; IFPRI2; GRP1; GRP31; Theme 10; Subtheme 10.2; Pro-poor science and technology policies; ASTI ; ISNAR

The study measures the direct effect of exchange policy on public finances in Brazil in the period 1985-1988. The compilation of all public revenues and expenditures, affected by exchange rate changes, as well as their consolidation, is assessed. For this purpose, the public sector balance of payments is drawn from actual data and, if necessary, from estimates. The survey concludes that the relationship between Brazilian public finance and the external sector, governed by high indebtedness, determines a negative direct impact response of the public sector fiscal deficit to real depreciation of the foreign exchange rate