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In line with recent studies, this article argues that a party's attitude towards the European Union (EU) derives from its main ideological goal, which is primarily of a domestic character. The EU is evaluated on whether it contributes to achieve the party's main objective in domestic terms. For example, social democrats evaluate integration on its impact on the redistributive economic regime, nationalists on the impact on the sovereignty of the national political community. The article then investigates how enlargement changed the composition of the center of European party systems & argues that the decline of Christian democracy & the rise of nationalism after enlargement makes opposition to political supranationalism a characteristic of the center-right, while in the center-left social democrats, from East & West, have adopted a pro-European attitude. Adapted from the source document.

This article aims to analyze the party laws of the Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay) and the theoretical debate on the subject. The state regulations are not new in political world scene, with the first legislation being formulated after World War II. In the case of the Southern Cone countries, some nations had regulated party activities before their authoritarian periods, and party activities were taken over from the 1980s with new legislation that set new limits and allocations to political parties, changing their organizations and their activities. To accomplish this work there will be a qualitative analysis of party laws of five countries, focusing on their differences and similarities. In conclusion, it can be said that the five countries have different views of party activities and this is reflected in their laws, with some of them providing greater freedom for partisan activities than others ; Este artigo tem como objetivos analisar as legislações partidárias dos países que compõem o Cone Sul (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai) e o debate teórico sobre o tema. As regulações estatais não são novidade no cenário político mundial com as primeiras legislações tendo sido formuladas logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. No caso dos países do Cone Sul, algumas nações tinham as atividades partidárias reguladas antes de seus períodos autoritários e as atividades partidárias foram retomadas a partir da década de 1980 com novas legislações que estabeleceram novos limites e atribuições aos partidos políticos alterando suas organizações e suas atividades. Para realizar este trabalho será realizada uma análise qualitativa das legislações partidárias dos cinco países, se concentrando em suas diferenças e semelhanças. Como conclusões, pode-se afirmar que os cinco países tem visões diferentes das atividades partidárias e isto reflete em suas legislações, com algumas fornecendo maior liberdade para a atuação partidária do que outras

Ministries are government structures that are located at the intersection between cycles of public policies, political party relations and the organizational design of direct public administration. Despite their relevance, the trajectory of the ministries over time is poorly understood, with an explanatory gap persisting as to the factors that lead to the creation, stability, transformation and extinction of these structures. Faced with this gap, this Discussion Paper sought to address the following central question: is there an underlying pattern to the trajectory of ministerial structures in different countries? To this end, a comparative analysis of the trajectories of ministries pertaining to 21 countries over a period of thirty years (1990-2020) was undertaken, with the aim of capturing convergent and divergent dynamics in view of the political systems of the countries studied and the thematic areas of the ministries. Preliminary findings indicate that ministries are strongly prone to stability regardless of the political system of the country in question, while changes in competence are the most frequent category of transformation. In addition, the longest running ministries are those with thematic areas related to the structuring activities of the State, such as justice and foreign affairs