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Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The significance of human rights and transitional justice (TJ) cannot be overemphasized. This underscores why Aspiration three (3), "An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law",and Aspiration four (4), "A peaceful and secured Africa", of Agenda 2063 – The Africa We Want – focus on human rights promotion, silencing the guns by 2020, peace, security and development. In order to accomplish these objectives of Africa's Agenda 2063, a ten-year implementation plan was developed. The year 2015 was dedicated to Women's empowerment and 2016 to human rights, with a special focus on the rights of women

Unlike the two World Wars of the 20th century, the cold war did not end in a major international arrangement that would decide who won and who lost and organize legally the relations across the world and among the states. This "unconditional peace" allowed the East-European elites to turn from communists to democrats without having to amend their strategic vision. Most postcommunist governments, often times styled and led by ex-communists, had not only joined NATO and the European Union naturally, but would also unconditionally support american foreign politics for the simple and compelling reason that the US is the victor of the cold war.

This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...

This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...

This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...