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The aim of article was to discuss the philosophy of private deterrence under Iraq's penal code. The methodology adopted was the inductive approach, which helps to extrapolate legal texts with this study and the jurisprudence of legal jurists. The Legislator applies to the threat with punishment the harm and pain that will be inflicted on them if the crime is eaten by law, what is known as public deterrence speech. For its part, the special deterrent will be responsible for reforming the meaning and morality of the offender, following various means provided by the legislature and designing a method of education of the deprived of liberty, allowing them the voluntary work determined by the conditions of each penance conditions or even by the subsequent formal and informal reintegration mechanisms of ex-convictions. It is concluded that these methods and others can contribute significantly to the achievement of the deterrence objectives, which is to reform and evaluate the offender's conduct according to criminal gravity on a case-by-case basis.

This text proposes a conception of Richard Rorty's philosophy from the distinction between systematic philosophy and edifying philosophy, proposing this distinction as a key to reading his neo-pragmatism and his political-ethical proposal of the 90s, whose consequence main will be his conception of liberal democracy, ironic citizen and post-philosophical culture.

In this study, the primary aim is to research the efficiency of teaching idioms to the
1st grade students of French Language Teaching via context and dialogue writing
activities in small groups. Another aim is to form a general framework by researching the place of idioms, types of activities and how often they was used in the course boooks Alter Ego. This study is both quantitative and qualitative. The study
conducted in the 2015-2016 spring term, during the French Reading- II course and on
one group from the 1st grade (32 students) of the Programme in French Language Teaching. The pre-test/post-test model with one group used in the research.
With the students forming the experiment group, the most commonly used French
idioms will be taught by using context and dialogue writing activities with small
groups during the Reading courses for 6 weeks. Before the research, the group was
received a French Idiom Test consisting of 30 questions, prepared by the research- er.
The students' answers to this test constitute the quantitative data of this study and
their analysis conducted via SPSS.

En este artículo recuperamos la tradición antigua del cuidado de sí, que asocia a la filosofía con el psicoanálisis, entendido como una cura del alma a través de la palabra, el autoexamen y la relación entre médico- paciente o filósofo-discípulo y de una verdad que necesita de la "conversión" del sujeto. Se recupera para ello la filosofía del Banquete de Platón y La Tranquilidad del Alma de Séneca.

The Turkish language, one of the ancient languages in the world, has continually evolved and expanded across various geographical regions, establishing diverse historical and contemporary branches through the creation of written languages based on numerous alphabets. The formation processes of these branches of the Turkish language, which emerged gradually over time, are directly related to their ethnological structures, religious and social lifestyles, interactions in the ethno-linguistic field, geographical settlements, political situations and economic conditions. The Turkish language, which advanced as a unified written language between the 8th and 13th centuries, within the Eastern Turkish written tradition, began to diversify from the 13th century onwards, a trend that persisted into the subsequent centuries. Today, the historical and contemporary aspects of the Turkish language, encompassing over 20 written variants, should be examined by subjecting it to studies with an interdisciplinary approach.. Additionally, determining the background factors that led to the emergence of these written languages will enable a correct interpretation of the language's evolutionary phases. This study aims to unveil the developmental trajectory of the Kipchak written language, which emerged in Eastern Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries through the use of Armenian letters. Determinations and evaluations will be conducted to explore the underlying factors that facilitated the emergence of this written language.

Through the method of metaphysics typical of philosophy, the objective of the study is to conceptualize the political dimension of the interaction of digital man and society in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The modeling method helps to create a model of interaction between the digital person and the digital society as a way of managing objectives to adapt people to increasing conditions of complexity and uncertainty, to provide a comprehensive analysis. As society becomes more complex, the model must become a flexible digital society. It is concluded that the analysis of variables and the determination of the optimal set of components of the digitalization of society play an important role: political, economic, administrative, social, and spiritual. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal model that will achieve a balance between human nature, man, and society. As a result of the analysis carried out, modern theoretical approaches to the interaction of the digital person and a digital society in the context of the philosophy of politics are also investigated.

Este artículo propone repensar los alcances conceptuales del término intermediación política, para iluminar los horizontes del análisis de la política indirecta, cuya gama de posibilidades ha sido usualmente pensada como si estuviese confinada entre los extremos de la representación política electoral tradicional formal y el clientelismo como intermediación política informal. Se trata de ampliar el análisis de la representación política y de otras modalidades de intermediación política, desmarcando la reducción habitual de la primera a la pura representación electoral y de las segundas a mero clientelismo, sin prescindir, sin embargo, de ellos. Se realiza al final un breve ejercicio de análisis preliminar de casos de innovación democrática empíricos (consejos, foros, conferencias, interfaces gobierno-sociedad) para observar las capacidades analíticas de la nueva ampliación conceptual.

The language problem has always been serious in Ukraine and often turned into an armed confrontation. This problem is becoming particularly acute in view of the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, one of the stated reasons for the "linguistic inequality". The aim of the article is to determine the impact of unregulated political lobbying by individuals or groups on the aggravation of language conflicts in Ukraine and compare it with other countries. The research involved the following methods: analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis, graphical methods, establishment of cause-effect relations and cluster analysis. The novelty of the research is the study of the impact of political lobbying on the development of language conflicts in the region by means of cluster analysis. The study established the relationship between legislative regulation of lobbying, language conflicts and corruption rates in the country. In the conclusions, the analysis shows that the availability of the institution of lobbying corresponds to lower rates of corruption and the virtual absence of language conflicts. The obtained results can be used by the government to improve Ukrainian legislation.

The main objective of the study was to analyze ways to improve the legal support of the linguistic and cultural aspects of language learning at school. The key method used involved a combination of modern modeling techniques. The specific topic is legal relations for language learning. The novelty is a model of legal support. Legal regulation of education is a historically conditioned form of organization of the educational process, formed as a result of the gradual growth of the role of state institutions in the performance of regulatory functions and the development of social relations. The new requirements faced by a modern teacher, his training and professional quality, make it necessary to take into account the experience and the latest achievements of other countries in the field of educational policy, in particular, in the field of foreign language teaching, as well as to identify and overcome the negative ones. In the conclusions of the case, based on the results of the study, the key aspect of improving the legal support of linguistic and cultural aspects of language learning in school was characterized.

The aim of the study is to analyze smart-philosophy, which refers to the priority research based on the new interaction between man and society. The methodological basis of the study is the synergetic approach, in the context of which new realities are "smart" with innovative potential. The informational approach to the analysis of society is based on the synergetic, nonlinear methodology, the analysis of which is applicable to the global transformation's characteristic of autoreflexive societies of high complexity. It also uses methods for measuring the "smart society" - anthropological and socio-axiological, based on people, education, the movement towards the "society of innovation" and knowledge. It is concluded that the breakthrough in the system of information and communication technologies has determined profound meaningful changes in all spheres of social activity, which is the theoretical autoreflexion of modernity and its dominant direction. The result of the study is the conceptualization of the smart-philosophy of the XXI century as the highest stage of civilizational development of mankind.

El presente artículo presenta los resultado de investigación el cual busca describir el desempeño cognitivo de los escolares de 6 a 14 años en pruebas de lenguaje, este estudio se desarrolló con 92 participantes con diferentes estratos socioeconómicos se aplicaron pruebas de Lenguaje: Test de asociación controlada de palabras, Test de vocabulario de Boston, Token test, encontramos que las habilidades y desempeño en pruebas de lenguaje no difieren entre sexo y lateralidad, existen diferencias evidenciables en grupos de edades, con influencia del nivel educacional.

Se presenta un análisis de los lemas y eslóganes de Universidades, instituciones y empresas bastante reconocidas, cuyo interés central está en develar los diversos lenguajes venidos del poder y sus formas de pensarnos. Un estudio realizado entre los años 2011 y 2014 en la Universidad de Manizales, Colombia.