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Introduction: Political Repression in Bahrain in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Century -- Defining Political Repression -- The Repression Playbook -- Political Statecraft: Between Democratization, Discord and Division -- Torture, Arrests and Other Personal Integrity Violations -- Repressive Law and Legal Repression -- Information Controls: From Surveillance to Social Media and Fake News -- Conclusion: Between Retrograde Repression and Repression.

This paper, as its primary task, makes a case for a new conceptualization of political repression to take into account the experiences of women. The secondary task is to demonstrate that the new conception is operational. After establishing the characteristics of repression that are essentially the ill fate of women, the author coded reports from two sources into numerical data for fifty-seven country cases. Using this preliminary data on women's repression both in correlation and regression analyses, this research tests two counterpoised hypotheses, one claiming women's empowerment leads governments to choose repression and the other is that women's weakness allows repression. The results are promising but represent only a beginning. This study should encourage governments and human rights NGOs to collect more substantial reports on the repression of women.

Dividing the concept of population pressures into a measure for population size (population density [PD]) & a rate of growth variable (natural increase [NI]), statistical data for 150+ countries are analyzed to investigate the impact of population pressures on political repression. Results indicate that only NI induced goverments to use political repression. Even after control variables were introduced into the regression models, NI remained important. It is concluded that the growing world population, especially in Third World countries, can be expected to intensify repression. 2 Tables, 45 References. Adapted from the source document.