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A study of pol & PO in Japan after WWII. The degree of popularity enjoyed by pol'al leaders in Japan is analyzed & compared with the UK & the US. Japanese Cabinet Chief M. Yoshida's public standing is compared with that of K. Adenauer, D. D. Eisenhower, C. de Gaulle, Mao Tse-Tung, N. Khruschev & other pol'al figures. Participation of the Japanese in pol'al life is studied on the basis of election statistics & on the basis of the SES, occup, & ideological preferences of voters. Data from PO polls is presented. No clear categories for high pol'al participation according to sex, age, educ, & occup emerge. It is concluded that pol'al participation in Japan is about as strong as that in Western countries. No great variations were found in the degree of participation among SC's. It is equally strong in all classes of society. 5 Tables & 8 Graphs. M. Maxfield.

IT IS THE MOON SHOT EXPERIENCE WHICH DOMINATES THOUGHT TODAY, BOTH IN POPULAR DISCUSSION AND TO A SURPRISING EXTENT AMONG PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL PEOPLE. THIS EXPERIENCE REINFORCES A VIEW OF ENGINEERING AS AN HEROIC ENTERPRISE, CONDUCTED ON A LARGE SCALE, MANAGED BY LARGE AND DYNAMIC ORGANIZATIONS, AND RESULTIN IN "BREAKTHROUGH" TECHNOLOGY.

THIS PAPER ESTABLISHES CRITERIA FOR CITIZEN POLICY CHOICE THAT DO NOT DEPEND ON OPINION SURVEYS. DATA DRAWN FROM NATIONAL PARTY PLATFORMS AND US STATUTES AND AGGREGATE VOTING DATA ARE COMPARED TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH MAJORITY CHOICES ARE TRANSLATED INTO NATIONAL POLICY OVER TIME. THE ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT POPULAR MAJORITIES APPEAR TO GOVERN.

A dichotomous pattern to analyze religion is often used by Brazilian sociologists, the most common being the distinction between "official" Catholicism & "popular" Catholicism. It also involves an idea of change: the older social order based on agriculture was gradually replaced by more advanced, complex Ur structures, & popular Catholicism tended to disappear, whereas the rather more intellectual & rational official Catholicism gained ground. Two cases of religious leaders are analyzed: (1) Pe. Cicero, in the Northeast, at the beginning of this century, & (2) Pe. Donizetti, in the State of Sa Paulo, in the latter half of this century. The attraction both exerted on the people, shows that the kind of faith that seems "popular" is not specific to the past, or to a particular region. A closer study of the two cases shows their incompatibility with the established dichotomy of "official" vs "popular" Catholicism, because the leaders were two priests, two officially recognized interpreters of Catholic doctrine. It then appears to render untenable the theory of a dichotomy between a more spiritual & urbanized official Catholicism, & a popular Catholicism involving superstitious Ru practices. AA.

The periphial audience of popular social science can be estimated at about 1.5 million. A major challenge to social science journals is the conversion of intellectual soft currency based upon self-help into a vision of the world. The medium of social science is faced with the problem of, on the one hand, a social science network being the "biggest fish in the pond," but in a larger media context, the "smallest of fish." An important mediating role of social science is its potential for changing things despite a relatively low consistency. There are special problems with social science journals in some nations of capital intensivity & in other nations of labor intensivity. What is of importance is how to deliver the "social science message" in its multiplicity of forms & formats. Certain experiences of the journal New Society may cast light on problems with social science journals. Social sciences attempt to come to "closer knowledge" of what is the present that we live in. In the DISCUSSION, Peter Lengyel (International Social Science Journal, Paris, France), feels that social scientists with their "heavy-footedness" are often unscrupulous for no good reason. Isac Chiva (Coll of France, Paris), asks about the possibility of confusion between that which relates to research & that which relates to technique. I. L. Horowitz believes that social scientists have accepted dualism as "essential fuel" for their professional life. Horowitz points out the notion of multiplicity & media, feeling that it is not correct to consider any one way of presenting information as absolutely inferior or superior. An important & tedious area of social science is mass communications study. R. Lent.

All public interest groups must face problems of financial dependency, doubtful legitimacy, & difficulties deciding on priorities. Their fundamental source of legitimacy & advantage is the claim that they unselfishly represent the general public. Public interest groups may be arranged in a continuum: some have a variety of goals & varied membership, others have clearly defined goals & an active membership. Such groups may adopt one of the following strategies: (1) accommodation, ie, collaboration with the government & private enterprise, (2) legal advocacy, & (3) popular advocacy, ie, mobilization of the concerned sectors of the population. The Canadian Consumers' Association is an example of a public interest group which has largely failed to influence policy either by accommodation or legal advocacy. Hence, it is being driven toward popular advocacy strategies. S. Karganovic.

Using the theory of state political cultures discussed by D. Elazar (Cities of the Prairies, New York: Basic Books, 1970) the utility of political culture in explaining state political systems' characteristics is explored. Indices of moralistic, individualistic, & traditionalistic political cultures are constructed using religious census data for each state. Using discriminant analysis, there is some success in replicating the classification of states by the dominant political culture set forth by Elazar. Expected relationships between political culture & 8 dependent variables are specified & listed. Significant correlations in the predicted direction were found for 6 dependent variables: government activities, local emphasis & administration of programs, innovative government activity, encouragement of popular participation in elections, popular participation in elections, & party participation. Hypothesized relationships were not supported for two dependent variables: centralized governmental decision making & the importance of political parties. 5 Tables. Modified HA.

It is currently fashionable, in the social sciences & the popular educated press, to see any assessment of a behavior as "abnormal" as representing nothing more than society's view that the behavior is undesirable. This interpretation is examined & found to be logically & empirically indefensible. All of the various causal explanations for homosexuality are examined; none now available can reasonably conclude that homosexuality is normal. Modified AA.

RECENT CHALLENGES TO TRADITIONAL APPROACHES AND PURPOSES FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THEORY HAVE RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT ITS CONSTITUTION AS BOTH SUBJECT MATTER AND SUBFIELD OF POLITICAL SCIENCE. METHODOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS ADVOCATING WHAT IS CHARACTERIZED AS A MORE TRULY HISTORICAL MODE OF INQUIRY FOR UNDERSTANDING POLITICAL IDEAS AND RECOVERING TEXTUAL MEANING HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY POPULAR. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE HERMENEUTICAL CLAIMS ABOUT HISTORICITY, SUCH AS THAT ADVANCED BY QUENTIN SKINNER, TO THE ACTUAL PRACTICE OF INTERPRETATION IS PROBLEMATICAL. SUCH CLAIMS ARE MORE A DEFENSE OF A CERTAIN FORM OF HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION THAN A METHOD OF INTERPRETATION, AND THE IMPHEATIONS OF THIS FORM FOR THE RECONSTITUTION OF THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THEORY REQUIRE CAREFUL CONSIDERATION.

Once a medium of vapid love lyrics, popular music in the 1960's has taken on a new seriousness. In the words of popular songs, young musicians have begun to express their alienation from & disdain for Amer instit's & mores. Part of this has taken the form of traditional attacks on war & intolerance. More signif, however, have been criticisms of the quality of life in an affluent society. In their music, youth have worried about such things as the impact of technology on man, the confused state of Amer sexual practices, & the repressive nature of supposedly democratic instit's. Affirming a strong faith in the freedom of the individual, song writers have turned their backs on pragmatic reality & have sought freedom in a transcendental exploration of man's internal reality. Part of this has been done with 'mind-expanding drugs,' & many songs have urged listeners on to the use of hallucinogens. For youth, music has come to serve the function of helping to define & codify the standards of their own subculture. It has also put them in touch with more serious critiques of Amer life made by the intellectual community. HA.

USING DATA DROM THE CPS'S 1970 AND 1972 (US) ELECTION SURVEYS, THIS PAPER EMPLOYS MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE THE SOCIAL-STRUCTURAL SOURCES OF POPULAR DIVISION ON THE LAW AND ORDER ISSUE. A MAJOR FINDING IS THE GULF BETWEEN THE RACES. THE ELDERLY, FARMERS, THE LESSER EDUCATED, REPUBLICANS, WHITE SOUTHERNERS, AND FUNDAMENTALIST PROTESTANTS TEND TO BE "HARD-LINERS".

The significance of jazz is examined through statements by musicians in published interviews & personal contacts. Jazz derives from the distinctive musical forms of the black community, where music was learned in a working context & is performed experimentally. Excluded from the community of white musicians, jazz musicians form a close-knit community of their own. Critics, being predominantly white, often fail to understand the origin & qualities of the music. Jazz has lost its popular base, largely because audiences are not often exposed to it; promoters of music are seldom knowledgeable about it. Jazz is endangered by its lack of popular support & the lack of attention it receives from the educational system. 7 Photographs. W. H. Stoddard.

The present state of the social sciences in Latin America goes back to the foundation of the Organization of American States & to the Cold War begun during the Truman administration. From 1945 to 1959, a neopositivist & neoempiricist sociology, inspired by conservative North American sociologists, dominated the field. Nevertheless, starting with the Cuban revolution (1959), a sociology directly committed to popular movements & in favor of a renovation of Marxist & revolutionary thinking emerged & confronted the reformist approach to social sciences. In the 1970s, the critique took position mainly against the "developmentalist" thinking of the ECLA (acronym not defined), the traditional theory of dependency, denouncing as an illusion the notion of independence & development under the leadership of the national bourgeoisie. In Chile, Salvador Allende's government & its overthrow (1970-1973) demonstrated the relationship between power & politics, while the revolutionary struggles in Central America drew emphasis to the problems of SC & coalitions, SC struggle, & national & international negotiation. In the 1980s, the dominant preoccupations in the countries with a constitutional regime centered on tensions between democracy & crisis. Latin American social thinking & the social sciences investigations must confront the "Second Cold War," which has bases for legitimation not only in the US but also in Europe, & not only in neoliberal thinking, but in neo-Marxist thinking as well. Modified AA

DURING THE 1970S MANY OF THE SIGNS OF DISARRAY WHICH HAVE CHARACTERIZED EARLIER NATIONS AND CIVILIZATIONS IN DECLINE, WERE MANIFESTED IN THE UNITED STATES. TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS AND VALUES WERE ASSAULTED BY INDIFFERENCE, SCORN, AND THE RISE OF CULTS. IMMORALITY AND AMORALITY WERE RAMPANT IN POPULAR CULTURE AND IN THE PUBLIC AND PERSONAL LIVES OF LEADERS AND SUBJECTS ALIKE. AMERICANS MURDERED MORE HUMAN BEINGS VIA ABORTION THAN HITLER KILLED DURING THE HOLOCAUST OR STALIN DEVASTED DURING HIS GREAT PURGE. CIVIL RIGHTS STRIFE, VIETNAM, WATERGATE, STAGFLATION AND OTHER POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRIALS PRODUCED A STRIKING DECLINE IN THE CONFIDENCE PEOPLE FELT FOR POLITICAL LEADERS, PARTIES, AND THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAL PROCESS ITSELF. A PLETHORA OF THIRD PARTIES EMERGED AS A RESULT OF THE CREDIBILITY GAP, BUT NONE MADE MUCH IMPACT EITHER ON THE INTELLECTUAL COMMUNITY OR THE PEOPLE AT LARGE.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE POPULAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT OF MASSIVE RETALIATION AND ITS REFINEMENT IN THE EARLY MONTHS OF THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION. HE SHOWS THE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION HAD DEVELOPED BOTH THE DOCTRINE AND THE DEFENSE PROGRAMS WHICH FORMED THE BASIS OF ITS SUCCESSOR'S NEW DECLARATORY POLICY. THE TRUMAN LEGACY WAS TERMED BIPARTISAN, NECESSARY, AND OF MUCH WORTH BY DULLES.