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Abstract
The study profiled and compared household multidimensional poverty status and its determinants among urban and rural households in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using information from a sample population of 3033 households interviewed from the Province during the General Household Survey conducted by the Statistics South Africa in 2014. Analytical techniques utilized include the recent multidimensional poverty index (MPI), descriptive statistics and Tobit regression. Findings reveal that multiple deprivations are found mostly in the rural area of the province; the multidimensional headcount is highest in the rural area, though the intensity of multidimensional poverty is almost similar in both geographical locations. The standard of living dimension is also the largest contribution to MPI in both locations. MPI has significant links with education attainment of household head, access to electricity and asset stock in both geographical locations, but is influenced by the gender of head, agriculture engagement and household monthly income in rural areas only. In order to improve households' multidimensional poverty status in both urban and rural locations, there is the need to take into account some significant variables such as education of head, increase electricity subsidy coverage during winter period, asset accumulation and increase in households' participation in agricultural activities, especially those residing in rural areas.

In this paper the authors discuss recent trends in poverty concepts and suggest a locally adapted multidimensional model for measuring and monitoring poverty. The model comprises nested layers with subjective wellbeing in the centre surrounded by a core of health, wealth and knowledge, and a context that includes natural, economic, social and political spheres, as well as service and structural aspects. These nine facets of poverty cover basic needs, individual assets and capabilities, and the enabling environment that helps people escape poverty by ensuring sustainability, providing opportunities and minimising vulnerability. The model was tested in several monitoring trials and in the official poverty and wellbeing monitoring of Kutai Barat District, Indonesia, in early 2006. Twenty-one subdistricts covering 223 villages with more than 150 000 people were assessed. Examples drawn from this experience illustrate possible applications of the model.

El proyecto concierne la elaboración y actualización de una herramienta Excel que cuantifique el valor económico y energético de consumos mínimos de agua, gas y electricidad en el territorio español. Se probarán distintos escenarios para su posterior comparación con las estimaciones actuales publicadas en Econometrics Analysis. Adicionalmente, el proyecto comprende el diseño de nuevas tarifas y políticas que ayuden a mejorar el escenario actual de pobreza energética. ; La pobreza energética es un tema cada vez de mayor preocupación es España. Se estima que aproximadamente dos millones de hogares presentan problemas para pagar los costes energéticos del hogar, no siendo posible el que mantengan dicho hogar a una temperatura adecuada durante los meses de invierno o que presenten atrasos en el pago de las facturas. La Unión Europea es consciente del problema y por ello está integrando medidas para solucionarlo. En España, en su lugar, en octubre del año 2017 entró en vigor la medida contra la pobreza energética más importante dada en el país, el Real Decreto 897/2017. El proyecto, determinando los consumos mínimos necesarios en una vivienda para garantizar unas condiciones de vida de confort estándar, realizando una segmentación a nivel provincial, evaluará el nivel de pobreza energética de las provincias y la actual medida en vigor. Con ello, se comprobará si el bono social es suficiente o, por el contrario, son necesarias diferentes medidas para encontrar una solución al problema que representa más de 7.000 muertes prematuras al año en el país. El proyecto fija como uno de sus principales objetivos el desarrollo de una herramienta modelo en Excel que estime los consumos mínimos de las viviendas, a nivel de provincias, dependiendo de diferentes entradas de variables. Gracias a la herramienta, el análisis regulatorio demuestra que para los índices de pobreza del 10% la nueva medida adoptada por el gobierno es más que insuficiente. Aproximadamente son 267 los millones de euros que el Estado destinará a ayudar a las familias en situación de pobreza energética. El análisis realizado con ayuda de la herramienta sitúa la inversión anual actual como un 37,72% de la necesaria en términos de electricidad, pero un 13,44% de la necesaria contando los recursos de agua y gas mínimos. ; Energy poverty is a topic of increasing concern in Spain. It is estimated that approximately two million households have problems in paying their energy costs, being impossible for them to keep the household at an adequate temperature during the cold months or having arrears in the payment of bills. The European Union is aware of the problem and therefore is introducing measures to solve it, such as directive 2009/72/EC regarding measures to be applied with vulnerable consumers in terms of electricity or 2009/73/EC for gas consumers. In the case of Spain, in October 2017, the most important measure against energy poverty in the country came into effect, the Real Decreto 897/2017. The project, based on the determination of the minimum consumptions needed in a household to guarantee standard living conditions, carries out a segmentation at the regional level, and evaluates the energy poverty level of the regions. In addition, it measures the impact of the social bond mentioned. With this, it will be verified if the social bonus is sufficient or, on the other hand, different measures are necessary to find a solution to the problem that represents more than 7,000 premature deaths per year in the country. The project establishes as one of its main objectives the development of a model tool in Excel that estimates the minimum consumptions of the households, per regions, and depending on different inputs of variables. Thanks to the tool, the regulatory framework analysis is performed and shows that for the 10% energy poverty indicator, the new measure adopted by the government is more than insufficient. There are approximately 267 million euros that the State will allocate to help families in situations of energy poverty, however, much more is required. The tool places the current annual investment as the 37.72% of what is required in terms of electricity, but it is the 13.44% of what is needed counting the minimum water and gas resources.