Countries facing social issues related to the disabled apply various measures to solve them, including State aid. However, the application of these measures does not always enable them to achieve the goals of state policy or to improve indicators such as the integration of the disabled into the labor market and reduction of social exclusion. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of State aid usage and influence on the implementation of disabled employment policies, this research develops a set of social and economic indicators to reflect the examined issue, allow for the assessment of the situation of the target group, and envisage areas of improvement. To evaluate the impact of State aid on the selected indicators, a simple linear regression analysis is performed. According to our evaluations, we establish that in order for the government to solve problems of poverty by employing disabled people, questions of financial capacity as well as the effectiveness of allowances for the disabled should be addressed. The expected effects of this measure are a growing number of employed disabled people and reduction of poverty and social exclusion among disabled people.
While food deserts create whole sets of tangible consequences for people living within them, the problem has yet to be the subject of much normative, in-depth evaluation as an urban political economy of food access. This paper provides a critical analysis of a specific food desert and its responses, drawing on a case study of the low-income, spatially segregated North End of the small city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The main thrust of the paper is that the food desert remains a useful yet underexplored phenomenon through which to reveal the complexities and tensions surrounding the treatment of "choice" in a classed society. Understood as an urban political economy of declining food access, the food desert phenomenon reveals capital's complex role in the promotion or violation of dignity through the urban geographies of acquiring food for oneself, family, or household. Through the data presented here, the article also argues for a collective pause among critical scholars to radicalize, rather than reject, the role of consumer choice in a more just food system, and for further normative engagement with urban landscapes of retail consolidation.
THE PAPER EXAMINES THE WAYS GOVERNMENT POLICIES HAVE CAUSED AND/OR HELPED TO PERPETUATE THE POLARIZATION OF BLACK ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE MID-1960'S - AN URBAN UNDERCLASS DEVELOPING ALONGSIDE A SMALL MIDDLE CLASS. SPECIFIC POLICIES AND PROGRAMS EXAMINED INCLUDE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND WORKER TRAINING.
Cities are not homogeneous territories: some neighborhoods concentrate wealth while others face difficulties such as unemployment, poverty, exclusion or crime. These fractures are a consequence of urban segregation, i.e. socioeconomic inequalities spatial pattern. To that matter, this thesis addresses three objectives: (i) the characterization and explanation of segregated urban structures appearance, (ii) the link between segregation and labor market, and eventually (iii) the link between segregation and education. According to Urban Economics, the urban structure influences individual's employment status through the distance to jobs. This hypothesis is tested via an empirical study on the Marseille urban area. The link between segregation and education is apprehended through the educational public policies evaluations. The effects of these policies are characterized through a critical literature review and an empirical study of the role of the "Politique de la Ville" on the junior high school student's schooling in Ile-de-France. This approach highlights the effects of job distance, neighborhoods and peer effects on individual's employment status. This approach also shows the "Politique de la Ville" positive effect on grade retention and the nuanced effect on schooling choices. Finally, this thesis provides an explication to the existence and form of the urban segregation in France. ; Les villes ne sont pas des territoires homogènes : certains quartiers sont exempts de difficultés socio-économiques alors que d'autres les concentrent de manière cumulative. Ces fractures reflètent la ségrégation urbaine : il s'agit de l'inscription spatiale des inégalités socio-économiques dans la ville. Sur ce sujet, trois objectifs sont poursuivis dans cette thèse : il s'agit de s'interroger sur (i) l'explication de l'apparition de structures urbaines ségrégées, (ii) le lien entre ségrégation et marché du travail et (iii) le lien entre ségrégation et éducation, en s'inscrivant dans le champ théorique de l'Économie Urbaine. ...
Cities are not homogeneous territories: some neighborhoods concentrate wealth while others face difficulties such as unemployment, poverty, exclusion or crime. These fractures are a consequence of urban segregation, i.e. socioeconomic inequalities spatial pattern. To that matter, this thesis addresses three objectives: (i) the characterization and explanation of segregated urban structures appearance, (ii) the link between segregation and labor market, and eventually (iii) the link between segregation and education. According to Urban Economics, the urban structure influences individual's employment status through the distance to jobs. This hypothesis is tested via an empirical study on the Marseille urban area. The link between segregation and education is apprehended through the educational public policies evaluations. The effects of these policies are characterized through a critical literature review and an empirical study of the role of the "Politique de la Ville" on the junior high school student's schooling in Ile-de-France. This approach highlights the effects of job distance, neighborhoods and peer effects on individual's employment status. This approach also shows the "Politique de la Ville" positive effect on grade retention and the nuanced effect on schooling choices. Finally, this thesis provides an explication to the existence and form of the urban segregation in France. ; Les villes ne sont pas des territoires homogènes : certains quartiers sont exempts de difficultés socio-économiques alors que d'autres les concentrent de manière cumulative. Ces fractures reflètent la ségrégation urbaine : il s'agit de l'inscription spatiale des inégalités socio-économiques dans la ville. Sur ce sujet, trois objectifs sont poursuivis dans cette thèse : il s'agit de s'interroger sur (i) l'explication de l'apparition de structures urbaines ségrégées, (ii) le lien entre ségrégation et marché du travail et (iii) le lien entre ségrégation et éducation, en s'inscrivant dans le champ théorique de l'Économie Urbaine. ...
Village development aims to improve the welfare of the village community and the quality of human life as well as poverty alleviation through basic fulfillment, development of village facilities and infrastructure, development of local economic potential, and sustainable use of natural resources and the environment. Tang Village, Bokat District, Buol Regency as one of the government units under the government is required to compile a development planning document, namely the Village Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM Desa) and the Village Annual Development Plan or the so-called Village Government Work Plan (RKP Desa) for village development. Considering this is a responsibility, it must be carried out by the Tang Village Government. The involvement or participation of the community is an absolute requirement in the process of preparing the Village Government work plan (RKP Desa). This involvement is intended so that the community can make a positive contribution to village development planning. The research aims to be analyzed to determine the planning-based village development in Tang Village, Bokat District, Buol Regency. This type of research uses a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach so that the case studies obtained in this study can be compared with the experiences of other researchers. The research method used is the descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach using a frequency table and then interpreted based on categories according to the data obtained in the field (primary data) which is then descriptively measured using a Likert Scale. The conclusion in this study is that planning-based village development in Tang Village, Bokat District, Buol Regency reaches the Very Good category. ; Pembangunan Desa bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Desa dan kualitas hidup manusia serta penanggulangan kemiskinan melalui pemenuhan dasar, pembangunan sarana dan prasarana Desa, pengembangan potensi ekonomi lokal, serta pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan secara berkelanjutan. Desa Tang Kecamatan Bokat Kabupaten Buol sebagai salah satu unit pemerintah yang berada dibawa pemerintahan wajib menyusun dokumen perencanaan pembangunan yaitu rencana pembangunan jangka menengah Desa (RPJM Desa) dan rencana pembangunan tahunan Desa atau yang disebut rencana kerja Pemerintah Desa (RKP Desa) untuk pembangunan desa. Mengingat ini merupakan tanggung jawab harus dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah Desa Tang. Keterlibatan atau partisipasi dari masyarakat menjadi syarat mutlak dalam proses penyusunan rencana kerja Pemerintah Desa (RKP Desa). Keterlibatan ini dimaksudkan agar masyarakat bisa memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap perencanaan pembangunan Desa. Tujuan penelitian yang akan dianalisis adalah untuk mengetahui pembangunan Desa berbasis perencanaan di Desa Tang Kecamatan Bokat Kabupaten Buol. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptifanalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif, agar studi kasus yang didapatkan dalam penelitian ini bisa dibandingkan dengan pengalaman peneliti lain. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan tabel frekuensi kemudian diinterprestasikan berdasarkan kategori kategori sesuai dengan data yang diperoleh dilapangan (data primer) yang kemudian secara deskriptif diukur dengan menggunakan Skala Likert. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa pembangunan Desa berbasis perencanaan di Desa Tang Kecamatan Bokat kabupaten Buol mencapai kategori Sangat Baik
Economic growth in Africa accelerated in the new millennium, enhancing confidence in the continent's future. Positive developments have taken place in the liberalization of trade and markets, in the strengthening of institutions and policies, and in investments in human and social capital and infrastructure. However, the growth has not trickled down to the large number of rural people experiencing chronic or crisis-driven hunger and poverty. Thus, Africa has had a larger proportion of extreme poor than any other region of the world. Most of Africa's poor are rural and most rely largely on crops, livestock, trees and fish – along with off-farm income – for their livelihoods. The improvement of agriculture, particularly smallholder farming systems, is fundamental to overcoming the problems of rural poverty and lagging rural economies. The African rural development context is unique and diverse, in its geography, agro-ecology, history, politics and culture. National and regional decision makers face the challenge of identifying the best agricultural and rural development opportunities with the greatest impact on food security, livelihoods and economic growth. Experience has shown that policy and investment decisions must be better grounded in local context-specific analyses, incorporating multi-stakeholder and systems approaches focused on the livelihood strategies and opportunities of farm men and women. The value of targeting technologies and policies to different farming systems has been recognized in the Science Agenda of the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA). At the opening of the new millennium an FAO/World Bank analysis was published that examined rural development opportunities over the period from 2000 to 2015 from the perspective of farm households in major farming systems of the developing world (Dixon et al. 2001; www.fao.org/farmingsystems/). The analysis classified and mapped farming systems, including those of Africa, examined the drivers of change for the 2000–2015 period and identified strategic priorities for each system. This farming system framework and analysis has proved to be valuable for targeting and prioritizing agricultural research and development initiatives and has been used repeatedly – for example, by the InterAcademy Council report on Africa, the Millennium Villages Project, the CGIAR Collaborative Research Programs, and others. Given the major changes in African agricultural opportunities, it was time for an update of the 2000 FAO/World Bank analysis of African farming systems looking forward from 2015 to 2030. Since 2000 the African population has increased by a third, dynamism has returned to many African economies and regional agricultural research and development organizations have generated and disseminated many new varieties and practices – but farm household vulnerability and international market volatility have increased. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research supported an update, with assistance and guidance from the New Partnership for Africa's Development, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the CGIAR, the World Bank, and the Food and Agricultural Organization. The work was coordinated by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi. More than 60 scientists and development professionals, working in multi-disciplinary teams, assessed constraints, trends and strategic interventions in the 15 major farming systems across the continent. The analysis integrated key recent strategic reports and a wealth of expert knowledge and spatial data – including natural resource, production, infrastructural and nutritional information from FAO, World Bank, CGIAR, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and other sources. The resulting book provides a unique systematic, forward-looking, compendium of continent-wide farming system assessments and databases for agribusiness, policy makers and science leaders. The document will undoubtedly be a fundamental guide for years to come for prioritization and targeting of public and private investments to deliver food and nutrition security and rural transformation in Africa.
Background: In 1994, the African National Congress identified early childhood development as a potential strategy to redress the inequalities of apartheid, however, two and a half decades later, poverty still persists, and South Africa is one of the most unequal countries in the world. Aim: This article explores how policy texts based on and with the use of certain data practices establish 'truths' about childhoods and society, construct families and communities, and determine forms of provision to address inequality. Setting: In 2015, the South African government published the National Integrated Early Childhood Policy (NIECDP) to continue to address poverty and inequality. Its implementation increasingly draws on data practices that measure and inform solutions. The use of data practices, while also providing needed information, prioritises solutions that proceed in technocratic ways instead of facilitating social change. Methods: With a critical discourse analysis of policy texts and the introduction of alternatives, the analysis seeks to highlight the power and knowledge hierarchies that construct the policies of NIECDP. Results: This article demonstrates how discourses and data practices prioritise 'the government of poverty' instead of helping to eliminate it and silence the voices of those living with poverty. This form of government through data also undermines the policy's potential to respond to the different life chances resulting from the diverse conditions in which young children live in South Africa. Conclusion: This article seeks to re-open a debate that the NIECDP successfully silenced, specifically who benefits, who speaks and who is silenced. ; peerReviewed
Zambia is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Almost three-quarters of the population were considered poor at the start of the 1990s, with a vast majority of these people concentrated in rural and remote areas. This extreme poverty arose in spite of Zambia's seemingly promising prospects following independence. To better understand the failure of growth and poverty-reduction this paper first considers the relationship between the structure of growth and Zambia's evolving political economy. A strong urban-bias has shaped the country's growth path leading to an economy both artificially and unsustainably distorted in favor of manufacturing and mining at the expense of rural areas. For agriculture it was the maize-bias of public policies that undermined export and growth potential within this sector.Sustained investment and economic growth during recent years suggest a possible change of fortune for Zambia. In light of this renewed growth, the paper uses a dynamic and spatially-disaggregated economy-wide model linked to a household survey to examine the potential for future poverty-reduction.Although agricultural growth is essential for substantial poverty-reduction, the country's large poor urban population necessitates growth in non-agriculture. The findings suggest that returning to a copper-led growth path is not pro-poor and that non-mining urban growth, although undermined by foreign exchange shortages and inadequate private investment, is likely to be preferable for reducing poverty." -- Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; ReSAKSS ; DSGD
Poverty is a difficult phenomenon to solve due to its complex and multidimensional character, which is why there are many definitions and ways of measuring it. In this context, this paper has as a main goal to present a review of literature of the diverse focuses and models of reduction of poverty and to proportionate a framework of analysis and reflection for future investigations. Methodologically, the paper of literature review, which is of descriptive and theoretical nature, pays especial interest in the proposals developed by Hernando De Soto (2000) and C.K. Prahalad (2005), who illustrate hope to face an endemic problem in an international level. The richness of each focus (its complementarity and integrality) defies the Management of Business because puts in evidence its potential contribution to the fight against poverty. The main result demonstrates that endogenous models, in which poor people are protagonists in the process of reinsertion to development, require two strategies: access to the markets and valorization of its wealth. Poor people require more from market (more capitalism) than from social programs subsidized by the Government. ; La lucha contra la pobreza es un objetivo común compartido por los principales actores políticos, empresariales y académicos del mundo. La pobreza es un fenómeno difícil de solucionar debido a su carácter complejo y multidimensional, razón por la cual existen muchas definiciones y maneras de medirla. En este contexto, el artículo, de naturaleza teórica y descriptiva, presenta la evolución del concepto de pobreza y proporcionar un marco de análisis y reflexión de los diversos enfoques de reducción contra la pobreza, poniendo especial interés en las propuestas elaboradas desde el campo de la administración y negocios por De Soto (2000) y Prahalad (2005). La complementariedad y la integralidad de los enfoques de desarrollo pueden ser una alternativa viable contra la pobreza, así como la participación y la vinculación de todos los actores y de los mismos pobres, con el fin de derrotar la pobreza y alcanzar el desarrollo.
AbstractThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) preexisting conditions provision ensures that insurance companies can no longer deny coverage, charge higher premiums, or exclude coverage due to a preexisting health condition. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the provision on labor mobility. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for years 2009 through 2019 and estimate difference‐in‐differences models to determine whether the provision improved labor mobility for individuals with chronic conditions. While females respond along the extensive margin by being less likely to work, males experience broader labor mobility improvements. Men are more likely to start a new job, become employed in a different industry, and move to a different state in the post‐policy period. Labor mobility improvements are largest among males with household incomes greater than 138% of the federal poverty level, males ages 35 to 49, and males with conditions first diagnosed more than 10 years ago. Last, we show that the policy improved access to health insurance coverage and reduced the likelihood that health impacts the amount or type of work, which ultimately increased labor market flexibility. Our results highlight the heterogenous impacts of the provision on different subgroups of the population.
This article provides a retrospective analysis of the main measures to combat poverty and social exclusion in the European Union. The study considers the origin of efforts targeted at containing precariousness at work in Europe, trying to highlight the crucial achievements at a time of reform and redefinition of the social protection system. The European Union must be aware of the critical advances achieved, which need to be preserved in economic and social crises. The work analyzes the essential foundations that have guided the promotion of solidarity, the fight against poverty and social exclusion in the European Union. ; Este artículo realiza un análisis retrospectivo de las principales medidas de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. El estudio tiene presente el origen y los fundamentos de las medidas de contención de la precariedad en el trabajo en Europa. Se analiza, pues, una preocupación de la Unión Europea, que ha intentado corregir con el paso del tiempo. Concretamente, se repasan en este estudio los fundamentos esenciales que orientaron el fomento de la solidaridad, la lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social. ; Este artigo realiza uma análise retrospectiva das principais medidas de luta contra a pobreza e a exclusão social no âmbito da União Europeia. O estudo considera a origem e os fundamentos das medidas de contenção da precariedade no trabalho na Europa, tentando destacar as importantes conquistas obtidas em um momento de reforma e redefinição do sistema de proteção social. A União Europeia deve ser consciente dos importantes avanços conseguidos, que requerem ser preservados em época de crise econí´mica e social. O trabalho analisa os fundamentos essenciais que orientaram a promoção da solidariedade e a luta contra a pobreza e a exclusão social na União Europeia.
