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Participation of households in waste separation at source is essential for achieving high recycling rates and diversion from energy recovery and landfill. To engage inhabitants in recycling is therefore an important objective for the national as well as the local waste management. Source separation of waste, however, requires much effort from the individual. Recycling programs should be designed so that they facilitate and motivate people to actively participate in waste separation and recycling. Perceived barriers for recycling can discourage people to participate, and it has even been reported that recycling programs function as a barrier instead as a motivator for recycling. The aim of this study was to show the perception of the local waste management of inhabitants in Sweden and Bulgaria to reveal if the recycling programs were perceived as a barrier for recycling. As members in the European Union, Sweden and Bulgaria have similar waste objectives and legislation but different performance in the waste sector. A questionnaire in Swedish and Bulgarian language was submitted to university students, 111 from Sweden and 112 from Bulgaria. Frequencies and the Theory of Planned Behaviour were used as evaluation tools. The results showed that dissatisfaction with waste collection services could prevent people from participation in waste separation and recycling even if these people had positive attitude to and possessed knowledge on recycling. ; Participation of households in waste separation at source is essential for achieving high recycling rates and diversion from energy recovery and landfill. To engage inhabitants in recycling is therefore an important objective for the national as well as the local waste management. Source separation of waste, however, requires much effort from the individual. Recycling programs should be designed so that they facilitate and motivate people to actively participate in waste separation and recycling. Perceived barriers for recycling can discourage people to participate, and it has even been reported that recycling programs function as a barrier instead as a motivator for recycling. The aim of this study was to show the perception of the local waste management of inhabitants in Sweden and Bulgaria to reveal if the recycling programs were perceived as a barrier for recycling. As members in the European Union, Sweden and Bulgaria have similar waste objectives and legislation but different performance in the waste sector. A questionnaire in Swedish and Bulgarian language was submitted to university students, 111 from Sweden and 112 from Bulgaria. Frequencies and the Theory of Planned Behaviour were used as evaluation tools. The results showed that dissatisfaction with waste collection services could prevent people from participation in waste separation and recycling even if these people had positive attitude to and possessed knowledge on recycling.

Another Report number is EPA 530-SW-601, per NSCEP's publication title list. ; "An environmental protection publication in the solid waste management series (SW-601)"--Page 2 of cover. ; Publisher location came from U.S. EPA About EPA, Mailing addresses and phone numbers web page. ; "1977"--Page 2 of cover. ; Reprinted from Government and the nation's resources, chap. 8, report of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages, Dec. 1976. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Provides information on current legislation, recycling activities, grants and upcoming programs pertaining to solid waste issues in Illinois. ; Description based on: October 1989; title from caption. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This is a conference paper. ; Gathering waste materials for recycling is least of all a new phenomenon as it done by tens of thousands of people in urban areas all over the world. Waste provides the poor people a last resort to get employment through continuous struggle to survive with minimal income, bad working conditions and socially inferior status. Enhancing the reuse of solid waste can restore some natural cycle and can contribute to solutions of urban issues like food production, waste disposal, energy shortages and improvement of environmental quality. Recycling decreases the quantity of waste to be collected and disposed, provide job opportunities to the poor people,conserve finite resources and save environment. The items commonly recycled are paper, glass, plastics, rubber etc. Recycling of rubber receives less priority and attention than other waste materials like paper and metals due to its financial value, margin of profit, final product, marketability, quality and public acceptance. This paper examines local technologies and legislative measures practised in industrialized and less industrialized countries and suggests actions for an optimal reuse of waste rubber.

This explains the legislation for recycling electronic materials. It gives options for businesses and residents and lists pertinent web site addresses for more information.

Within the European Union (EU) a paradigm shift is currently occurring in the waste sector, where EU waste directives and national waste strategies are placing emphasis on resource efficiency and recycling targets. The most recent Danish resource strategy calculates a national recycling rate of 22% for household waste, and sets an ambitious goal of a 50% recycling rate by 2020. This study integrates the recycling target into the FRIDA model to project how much waste and from which streams should be diverted from incineration to recycling in order to achieve the target. Furthermore, it discusses how the existing technological, organizational and legislative frameworks may affect recycling activities. The results of the analysis show that with current best practice recycling rates, the 50% recycling rate cannot be reached without recycling of household biowaste. It also shows that all Danish municipalities will need to make efforts to recover all recyclable fractions, and that the increased recycling efforts of only selected municipalities will not be sufficient to reach the target.

Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth and, more importantly, experiences the most variable rainfall of all the continents on our planet. The vast majority of Australians live in large cities on the coast. Because wastewater treatments plants were all located near the coast, it was thought that large scale recycling would be problematic given the cost of infrastructure and pumping required to establish recycled water schemes. This all changed when Australia experienced a decade of record low rainfall and water utilities were given aggressive targets to increase the volume of water recycled. This resulted in recycled water being accepted as a legitimate source of water for non-drinking purposes in a diversified portfolio of water sources to mitigate climate risk. To ensure community support for recycled water, Australia lead the world in developing national guidelines for the various uses of recycled water to ensure the protection of public health and the environment. Australia now provides a great case study of the developments in maximizing water recycling opportunities from policy, regulatory and technological perspectives. This paper explores the evolution in thinking and how approaches to wastewater reuse has changed over the past 40 years from an effluent disposal issue to one of recognizing wastewater as a legitimate and valuable resource. Despite recycled water being a popular choice and being broadly embraced, the concept of indirect potable reuse schemes have lacked community and political support across Australia to date.

Der weltweite Konsum von Plastik steigt seit den 1950er Jahren stetig an. Eine große Menge an Produkten wird aus verschiedenen Kunststoffen hergestellt. Für die Erzeugung werden vor allem Primärrohstoffe wie Erdöl und Erdgas genutzt. Nur etwa 9 % der in Deutschland hergestellten Kunststoffprodukte bestehen aus Rezyklaten, die durch werk- oder rohstoffliche Verwertung gewonnen wurden. Werkstoffliche Verwertung wird häufig auch als Downcycling bezeichnet, da die erzeugten Rezyklate von geringerer Qualität im Vergleich zum ursprünglich genutzten Kunststoff sind. Dies liegt an vermischten oder verschmutzten Abfällen. Obwohl in Deutschland 2017 immerhin 46 % der Kunststoffabfälle werkstofflich verwertet wurden, konnten trotz jahrzehntelanger Erfahrungen im Trennen und Wiederaufbereiten von Kunststoffen nur aus 0,8 % die petrochemischen Grundstoffe rückgewonnen werden. 53 % aller Kunststoffabfälle wurden energetisch verwertet. Um rohstoffliches Recycling wirtschaftlich durchzuführen und bereits genutzte Kunststoffe in hochwertiger Form zurückzugewinnen, stehen verschiedene Verfahren zur Verfügung, die jedoch bislang aufgrund der hohen Komplexität und der vergleichsweise geringeren Wirtschaftlichkeit – insbesondere gegenüber der energetischen und werkstofflichen Verwertung – noch nicht breit angewendet werden. Aus umweltpolitischer Sicht ist eine Erhöhung des Rezyklatanteils in Kunststoffprodukten sinnvoll und wird daher auf EU-Ebene angestrebt, u. a. durch die Plastikstrategie und daraus abgeleitete Regularien. Auf nationaler Ebene werden die Vorgaben beispielsweise durch das neue Verpackungsgesetz von 2019 umgesetzt, in dem etwa für Leichtverpackungen eine Erhöhung der Quote für die stoffliche Verwertung von 36 auf 63 % vorgeschrieben ...

Used paper and paper products are important raw material for paper and board industry. Paper recycling increases the material lifespan and is a key strategy that contributes to savings of primary raw material, reduction of energy and chemicals consumption, reduction of the impact on fresh water and improvement of waste management strategies. The paper recycling rate is still highly inhomogeneous among the countries of Central Europe. Since recovered paper is not only recycled in the country where it has been produced and consumed, some essential features such as eco-design and eco-collection concepts must be developed at transnational level to increase the sustainability of the paper loop. The project EcoPaperLoop addresses these needs of the regions related to paper recycling by creating a clear picture on participating region's status, by enhancing the awareness about recyclability issues as well as by improving and sharing the collective knowledge base on available technologies and practices. To put paper recycling, in terms of yield and quality, into optimum practice all across Europe, however, appropriate paper recycling strategies are of utmost importance. In present paper some findings about paper recyclability, paper recycling strategies and legislation issues will be presented.

Examines the problems and progress in the field of plastics recycling. Statistics on plastic packaging disposal; Advances in plastic recycling; The initial start; The next stage, packaging production; Aid from manufacturers; The wide variety of resins; Design modifications; A recycling innovation that works; Separating different plastics; Resin recovery systems; Chemical processes; Government policies needed. INSET: Red herrings.

The growth of electronic waste (e-waste) is of increasing concern because of its toxic content and low recycling rates. The e-waste recycling infrastructure needs to be developed, yet little is known about people's willingness to fund its expansion. This paper examines this issue based on a 2004 mail survey of California households. Using an ordered logit model, we find that age, income, beliefs about government and business roles, proximity to existing recycling facilities, community density, education, and environmental attitudes are significant factors for explaining people's willingness to pay an advanced recycling fee (ARF) for electronics. Most respondents are willing to support a 1% ARF. Our results suggest that policymakers should target middle-aged and older adults, improve programs in communities with existing recycling centers or in rural communities, and consider public-private partnerships for e-waste recycling programs.

Fuel cell driven cars belong to the 'zero emission' vehicles and should contribute to lower CO2 emissions. However, they contain platinum, which is known as a critical material in the European Union. This study investigated the potential contribution of recycling fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to satisfy the platinum demand arising from a widespread deployment of fuel cell vehicles in Europe. Based on a qualitative examination of the four consecutive steps in the recycling chain (collection, dismantling, disassembly and pre-processing, material recovery) of fuel cell vehicles, two recycling scenarios were developed. Using dynamic material flow analysis, these two recycling scenarios were applied to two scenarios for the market penetration of fuel cell vehicles in nine European lead markets to deliver both the associated impact on platinum demand and the contribution of recycling for meeting this demand. The diffusion of FCV in Europe will not cause a depletion of platinum resources in the short term, as the calculated 537.06 t and 459.24 t in cumulative platinum requirements are far below the currently estimated global reserves. However, concerns regarding the future development of platinum supply and demand remain.

The recycling of waste products is an important way to achieve global sustainable development. To analyze the impact of different objects of government subsidies on single-channel recycling based on recycling propaganda, four theory game models of single-channel recycling based on government subsidies and recycling propaganda are established. By comparing and analyzing the effects of different subsidies and propaganda strategies on the recycling of waste products in the four models, this article mainly draws the following conclusions: the government selecting different objects to subsidize has the same effect on the unit recycling price, quantity, and revenue of waste products; when the government subsidizes the processors, the consigned recycling price of waste products will increase, but when the government subsidizes recyclers, it will decrease; when the propagandist is determined, the optimal value of propaganda is related to the sensitivity of residents to the unit recycling price of waste products, the unit propaganda of waste products, and the expenses of propagating waste products.

The recycling of materials is not new, recycling was an element of the war effort during World War II, for example, and recycling has continued in some sectors without active government involvement. Recycling became more prominent in the 1970s and 80s first because of environmental concerns, and later due to the decline in landfill capacity. These concerns culminated in the passage of SB 530 in 1990. The act strengthened the regulations of landfills, authorized the creation of solid waste management districts, and encouraged recycling of newsprint, batteries and tires, and other products. The resulting recycling activities produce indirect benefits, such as the reduction of environmental degradation caused by illegally disposed waste, including vehicle batteries and tires, but recycling activities also produce economic benefits over and above environmental benefits. This study is designed to explore these economic benefits of recycling in the state of Missouri. The study examined four business sectors, recycling collection, recycling processing, recycling manufacturing, and reuse and remanufacturing. The four business sectors are subdivided into 26 business categories. See Table 1 and Appendix A for a description of the business categories. Data gathered from the mail survey were used in 11 business categories, a derivation based on industry data for 2 categories, and existing data were drawn from the NAICS for the remaining 13 categories. The approach used here was designed to be comparable to the United States Recycling Economic Information Study (USREIS) and the several state studies that have replicated that study. ; Environmental Improvement and Energy Resources Authority (EIERA) ; Includes bibliographical references

In vielen Ölimportländern wird befürchtet, daß das Recycling der Petrodollars nach der zweiten Ölpreiskrise schwieriger sein werde als nach 1973/74. Daraus wird häufig die Forderung nach staatlichem Eingreifen in den Recyclingprozeß abgeleitet. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß die dafür vorgebrachten Argumente nicht ausreichen, um Interventionen auf den internationalen Kapitalmärkten zu rechtfertigen. Im Jahre 1980 sind die Leistungsbilanzdefizite der Ölimportländer - unter anderem wegen der geringeren Absorptionsneigung der Ölexportstaaten - höher ausgefallen als nach der ersten Ölpreiskrise. Dies braucht jedoch kein Anlaß zur Besorgnis zu sein: Die Beurteilung auch sich wiederholender Leistungsbilanzdefizite hängt davon ab, ob die realen Ressourcen, die andernfalls jetzt schon als Gegenleistung in die Ölförderländer geflossen wären, inzwischen für rentable Investitionen in Human- und Sachkapital genutzt werden. Durch den gestiegenen relativen Ölpreis ist ein Teil des bestehenden Kapitalstocks entwertet worden. Zugleich haben dadurch aber auch die Anreize für Investitionen im Öl-Substitutionsbereich zugenommen, so daß die Chancen für eine rentable Verwendung der realen Ressourcen - zumindest in den Industrieländern - nicht gering sind* Freilich können diese Anreize von konjunkturellen Effekten überlagert werden. Da auch in den nächsten Jahren mit einer geringen Absorptionsneigung der Ölexportstaaten zu rechnen ist, wird dem finanziellen Recycling weiterhin eine große Bedeutung zukommen. Solange sich die Rentabilität der Investitionen auf den Kapitalmärkten widerspiegeln kann, besteht kaum ein Anlaß zu der Befürchtung, daß die Finanzströme aus den Ölländern versiegen werden. Allerdings dürfen die Marktzutrittsmöglichkeiten und die Zinsflexibilität auf den Kreditmärkten nicht eingeschränkt werden, damit andere Finanzintermediäre hinzutreten können, wenn einzelne Banken nicht mehr bereit sind, sich bei gegebenen Erträgen und Risiken weiterhin im Recyclingprozeß zu engagieren. Die Entwicklungsländer stehen vor der Schwierigkeit, am Petrodollarrecycling nicht im gewünschten Maße partizipieren zu können. Die eigentliche Ursache dafür liegt jedoch darin, daß ihren Produkten der Zugang zu den Märkten der Industrieländer erschwert wird. Würde man mit dirigistischen Maßnahmen die Petrodollars in diese Länder umlenken, kurierte man deshalb nur am Symptom. Mit einem Abbau der Zollschranken in den Industrieländern wäre den Entwicklungsländern mehr gedient als mit "weichen" Krediten. Vielfach werden Befürchtungen geäußert, daß die Ölexportländer auch auf lange Sicht überwiegend kurzfristige Aktiva bevorzugen, während die Verbraucherländer an langfristigen Krediten interessiert sind. Diese Befürchtungen erscheinen aber vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen, die nach der ersten Ölpreiskrise gemacht wurden, als nicht gerechtfertigt. Auch damals erwarben die Ölstaaten zunächst überwiegend kurzfristige Titel; sie diversifizierten ihr Portefeuille jedoch schon bald zugunsten langfristiger Anlagen. Ein solches Verhalten ist größtenteils auf Informations- und Transaktionskosten zurückzuführen, die im Verlauf des Anlageprozesses abnehmen. Um die Informations- und Transaktionskosten weiter zu senken und zugleich die Unsicherheit zu verringern, die bei den Kapitalanlegern aus den Ölförderländern Ober die künftige Preisentwicklung in den Anlagestaaten besteht, ist es für die Industriestaaten vorteilhaft, als Ersatz für kurzfristig nicht erreichbare Geldwertstabilität Wertsicherungsklauseln auf den Kapitalmärkten zuzulassen.