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Charakteristisch für den Umbau der russischen Gesellschaft ist die Rückbesinnung der Bevölkerung auf die Religion, was von Wissenschaftlern und Soziologen unterschiedlich interpretiert wird. Die Gründe für diese neue Religiosität sind insbesondere auch die Verschlechterung der wirtschaftlichen Lage, interethnische Konflikte, Verfall von Idealen und Werten und diverse andere Unsicherheiten zurückzuführen. Der Verfasser geht auf die historischen Traditionen der Kirchen in Rußland ein und erörtert weiter die negativen Erscheinungen in Verbindung mit dem Mißbrauch der Religion. Die Prognose einer möglichen Entwicklung der Religiosität in Rußland weist Tendenzen zur Beruhigung und zur Öffnung der Kirche gegenüber verschiedenen konfessionellen Strömungen auf. (BIOst-Rgl)

Non-religious diversity is growing in the world nowadays. In the current context it is understood not as a diversity of faiths, religions, non-religions, etc., but as a variety of types of non-religious consciousness and categories of non-religious identity. The article covers only a few aspects of this vast topic. First, the theoretical prerequisites and substantiations for the change in the Western non-religious identity taking place during the transition from the Westphalian to the post-Westphalian system of religious governance and the emergence of a special type of pluralism that is formed in the process of dedifferentiation of religion, globalization and the transformation of the "religion of place and nation" into a transnational religion "without place and nation", when the ratio of religious, spiritual and secular in the mind of a postmodern person changes. Second, the author analyses the origins and causes of this transformation of non-religious consciousness in the "long 1960s". Third, the author traces the evolution of such types of non-religious diversity as "spiritual but not religious", "none" and "post-protestants" and the concept of "spirituality" that connects them. The category "spiritual but not religious", sometimes perceived as dubious and unconvincing, appearing in the context of countercultural spirituality, in the author´s opinion, is very important for understanding Western, especially American irreligiousness in general and the processes taking place today in particular. The processes that are associated with the growth of "none" and the proliferation of "post-Protestants" related to the Woke culture, who claim the role of "saviours of humanity", attaching more importance to the "new post-Protestant ethics" (rather than religion and tradition), seeking to politicise religion, to sacralise politics, race and gender relations. Rejecting the "old religion" and proclaiming a "new ethics", moving from the ideals of diversity, universal tolerance and political correctness to "militant moralism and cruel dogmatism", they confirm the idea of "complex irreligiousness" in the era of "late modernity", that seems to be a sign of the times and requires close attention of scientists.