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Örgütlü dinin önemli bir statü göstergesi olarak ilahiyat aydını kendi tarihsel mirası üzerinde bugün din, siyaset ve kimlik ilişkileri etrafında birisi siyasal otoritenin değişken politik ajandasıyla uyumlu diğeri ise siyaseti içerden bir bilgi ve akılla varoluşsal ahlaki kurguya dayandıran iki farklı epistemoloji ve perspektif ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çerçevede çalışma Türkiye'de siyasetin yasallaştırdığı düzen nosyonuna karşı ilahiyat aydınının dinsel tepkileri ile bu bağlamdaki kimlik inşasını konu edinmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı bugünkü siyasal konjonktürde ilahiyat aydınının siyasal katılım ve kimlik çıktılarını bazı kavramsallaştırmalar üzerinden olgu merkezli anlamak ve açıklamaktır. Araştırma verileri ilahiyat aydınının medyaya yansıttığı tartışmalar esas alınarak olgu merkezli kuramsallaştırma tekniği üzerinden tarihsel sosyolojik bir perspektifte yorumlanmıştır.

Different organizational structures of the Catholic Church in Slovenia were a reflection of the circumstances in the Christian community in the Central European region. Being a basic structure, a diocese has existed since the antique period. The diocese is a religious community with a centre in a large settlement (civitas). With the spread of Christianity into the rural areas and into the peasant environment, parishes began to come into existence. In historiography, the terms 'primitive parishes' began to be used to refer to the oldest parishes. They were characterized by their vastness. The number of primitive parishes increased in the 12th century. Due to remoteness of diocesan centres from the communities in rural areas and because of the inability of bishops to be in touch with the priests in rural areas, intermediate stages of organization were coming into existence during centuries, i.e., archdeaconries and deaneries at some places. Some important changes occurred in the operation of the Catholic Church and in its organization in Slovenia during the years after the Second World War. New parishes were established. The change of the state boundaries required changing the diocesan boundaries. Finally, the creation of the independent state of the Republic of Slovenia required a new setting up of the pastoral work and a new territorial organization of dioceses. Adapted from the source document.

Kırgızistan'da da diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi doğal afet, harp, fakirlik, göç vb. sebeplerden dolayı yetim kalan azımsanmayacak oranda çocuklar bulunmaktadır. Makalemiz, Kırgız Toplumu için ciddi sosyal bir problem olan yetimlerin durumunu analiz etmek ve onlara dair beslenme, barınma, eğitim gibi mevcut problemlerinin çözümü için toplum ve devlet tarafından ne gibi çözümler üretilebileceğini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmamızda önce, dünyadaki yetimler ve onların problemlerine dair malumatlar verildi. Devamında Kırgızistan'daki yetim, sosyal yetim ve yetimhanelerin sıkıntıları, devlet ve toplum tarafından yapılan çalışmaların yeterli olup olmadığı ele alındı. Kırgız Toplumu'nun mensup olduğu İslâm dininin yetimler konusundaki yaklaşımına, Kur'ân-ı Kerîm ve Hadis-i Şerifler ışığında değerlendirip, dinin yetimlere yönelik sergilediği pozitif yaklaşımı nazara vererek problemin çözümünde dinden nasıl faydalanılabileceğini izhar etmeye gayret ettik. Sonuç olarak Kırgızistan için yetimlere ve özellikle sosyal yetimlere ait problemler artarak devam etmektedir. Yetimler meselesi Kırgızistan için ciddi bir sosyal problemdir ve çözümü için geç kalınmadan gerekli çalışmalara başlanılması ehemmiyet arz etmektedir.

This study focuses on the changes witnessed in social life throughout the Covid-19 epidemic period, particularly how the pandemic affected religious institutions. The study, which employs psychosocial analysis, investigates the alteration of social and religious life in the presence of diverse social psychology theories. During and after the epidemic, religion strives to adapt to fluid change and tries to produce a new form of belief and religiosity that will soothe anxious people, in contrast to its traditional form, in a process of radical change and social erosion in which discourses such as 'nothing will be the same as before' are frequently voiced. The fact that religion and religiosity are pregnant with new manifestations throughout the epidemic process might be regarded as an adaptation reaction or a crucial reaction to the synthetic alteration that has already begun to be felt. Religion aims to achieve a shape that takes care of the changing requirements of the person and directs his life by keeping its unchanging principles. He even took the risk of mixing secular, metaphysical, astrological, and paranormal components within himself to achieve this goal. Finally, contrary to standard secularization theorists' forecasts that religion will vanish, religion will evolve after the pandemic and continue to exist in a society that will become even more digital, a form of post-corona religiosity. By stressing the transition dynamics experienced during the epidemic era, it is intended that the research would create new topics of discussion and contribute to the field of sociology.

Spinoza, Pufendorf and Locke all championed freedom of thought (including freedom of religion) and of speech; all three thinkers deserve credit for having forged the fundamental principles of the liberal tradition. Spinoza, in particular, was the first writer in modern times to articulate a systematic defence of democracy. He believed that the state should promote the welfare of its citizens, while maximising their freedom. Although he equated right with power, he also advocated respect for the moral law, stressing the importance of being good to other people. Keywords: Spinoza, Pufendorf, Locke, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, liberalism

"This article/research that I translated from Hasan Hanefi examines, in terms of Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, the ancient Christianity throughout the history. While Hasan Hanefi, here, researched Christianity beliefs in the presence of Ancient Christians, on the one hand, he criticizes of it, on the other hand, from own viewpoint, aims for explanation of it. Hasan Hanefi, also here, compares the Christianity beliefs established by the institution of papacy with philosophies of his age in which includes schools like communism, socialism and existentialism. According to what Hasan Hanef said, Unamuno follow such a conclusion: the contemporary Christianity has lost that noble ore and effect arising from jesus son of mary, who is prominent with/stamped with the life, the dynamism and regeneration and the spritual ressurrection; whether individually or socially, it has become such a thing that loses it's effect and power on spirits. We also may said: Our author Hasan Hanefi, in terms of essence and nature of Christianity, make comparisons between the philosophies and trends of his age and philosophies that will come later and have an impact on humanity, especially on Europeans… After all this, definitely, he concludes such a result: Some philosophies is closer to, in it's essence and nature, the Christianity religion and the message of jesus, than the Christianity religion institutionalized throughout the history! and he maintains his explanations: that Christianity religion has lost, especially throughout scholastic ages, it's nature and divine character and, no matter where and when one lives, except a blind devotion, has become a mechanic belief ineffective on human sprit!."

The current political climate appears to create accentuated divisions among various incompatible world views. In a globalized world, faster dissemination of information is much faster via social media and other sources like has never experienced before. A local incident may rapidly turned into an international crisis. For instance, a civil war in Syria now has deeply impacted the politics and social structures of many counties around the world. In this social environment tacking with various types of violent extremism and radical popularism have become increasingly challenging. These radical worldviews may be manifested in either end of the political spectrum, namely right or left, based on ethnicity or exploitation of religion. Following the terror attacks of 9/11 security services and public have focused on the threat posed by terrorist groups such as DAESH and Al-Qaeda. However, threats of violence also remain significant in the case of violent extreme right as well as left group. Challenges in tackling violent right-wind extremism is a complicated matter as they may not be seen as a significant security threat in the west. For example, despite a number of terror attacks carried by right supremacists in the USA, this group has not been listed as a terror group by the state. Also, the terror suspects are more likely to be described as mentally disturbed and disgruntled people should they be white. In other to counter violent extremism, whether based on ideology, ethnicity, or exploitation of religion, we need to systematically examine the root cause of such violent tendencies. In this regard, rising radical right popularism in the West calls for a comprehensive examination of this social movement.

Arabian society, which lived on the border of two great civilizations in the 7th century in an ignorant life away from civilization, experienced great changes and transformations when Islam emerged. The Arabs of the Age of Jahiliyya, which does not have any written document about the pre-Islamic period, built a great civilization that started with the example and practices of the Prophet and the principles and messages of the Qur'an. No doubt, the messages of the Qur'an, which guided people toward science and education in the first place, had great effects on this great transformation. The education-intensive messages of the Qur'an came to life and gained meaning with the practices of the Prophet. With his message, "I was sent as a teacher" the Prophet paved the way for the formation of a great scientific and educational tradition for the following periods with his practices and verbal messages. Unmatched in previous religions, the great incentives on the way leading to the demand for knowledge turned Muslims into great seekers of knowledge and education. The Hadith "Achieve knowledge even if it is in China" and similar messages paved the way for scientific journeys (Rihle), which have an important place in the history of Islamic education. Hatib al-Baghdadi revealed the transformation of the messages of the Prophet into "Rihle" as an educational tradition with his work under the same name. ın this way, in addition to the emphasis of the verses on science, the Prophet's pointing out science and education to his ummah as a target was the basis for the formation of a great scientific and educational tradition.