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[ES] La lucha dinástica española (1833-1840) tuvo repercusiones en Europa, tanto por el interés de ambos contendientes por lograr apoyos exteriores, como por las consecuencias de la política derivada del Congreso de Viena (1814), en el que se adoptaron medidas para mantener inalterable el mapa político europeo. Si bien las Potencias Moderadas (Austria, Prusia y Rusia) actuaron conjuntamente bajo la dirección del príncipe Metternich, los carlistas tenían cifradas grandes esperanzas en que el impulso ruso hiciese bascular a los demás países en su favor. La lejanía del conflicto, su mayor interés por las cuestiones de Oriente y la escasa confianza en la futura actuación del Pretendiente carlista son algunos de los principales factores que intervinieron en el débil apoyo del Imperio zarista. ; [EN] The Spanish dynastic conflict (1833-1840) had a wide echo in Europe; the contending parts needed foreign help and the war affected the policy designed in the Congress of Vienna (1814), whose main object was to preserve the political map of Europe unaltered. Although Eastern Powers (Austria, Prussia and Russia) followed a single course of action under Metternich, the Carlists hoped that Russian favour would incline them to their side. But the support of the Tsarist Empire was weak and remained always so; the Carlist War was a remote conflict unrelated to its eastern ambitions and Russian authorities did not fully trust the Pretender's future policies. ; Peer reviewed

El autor nos señala como la devaluación del rublo, la suspensión de pagos de las deudas privadas externas, y el reescalonamiento de las obligaciones del Estado decretadas por el gobierno de Serguei Kirienko el pasado 17 de agosto, sumen a la Federación de Rusia en su más grave crisis tanto en lo económico financiero como en lo político-institucional, desde el desmembramiento de la Unión Soviética en diciembre de 1991. La importancia de un país sucesor de dos imperios (ruso y soviético) que pese a sus problemas sigue siendo un actor relevante en la comunidad internacional. ; The author analyses how the devaluation of the ruble, the interruption of payment of private external debts and the renegotiation of State duties resolved by Serguei Kirienko s government last 17 August have plunged the Russian Federation into the hardest crisis ever lived since the USSR dissolution in December 1991. The importance of a country which becomes the successor of two empires (the Russian and the Soviet empires) continues to be of relevance to the international community, in spite of this country s internal problems. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

Examines causes and events of armed conflict between Russia and secessionist forces in Chechnya, 1991-96, and unsuccessful attempts to arrive at a peaceful settlement; some focus on issue of control of the oil pipeline from Azerbaijan to Russia, which runs through Chechnya. Summary in English.

Overviews changes that have taken place in the Russian economy since the initiation of perestroika in 1985. At that time, prices were state-controlled & property was predominantly state-owned. The bankruptcy of many publicly owned enterprises & uncontrolled inflation led to economic chaos in the early stages of perestroika. Privatization was not achieved until the last phase, when the economy was opened to the West. It is concluded that the economic reforms witnessed in Russia have carried enormous social & economic costs, including a lower standard of living, high unemployment, & rising crime. Adapted from the source document.

Notions of bi-, uni-, & multipolarity are put to use in analyzing foreign policy for the US & Russia historically. The unipolarity in policy immediately after WWII & the bipolarity during the Cold War have given way to multipolarity, but not without problems. Russia is more disposed than the US to be multipolar because of her geographical contiguity with so many other countries, but in reality, this contiguity has only led to numerous border hostilities. In contrast, the US only borders Mexico & Canada, but foreign relations are smooth & reciprocal. Russia has little immigration, & her large pool of emigrants has not formed communities that would serve as a foreign policy bridge to the host countries. The US, with her large communities of immigrants, has a reason to be multipolar in policy & align national interests with the countries of origin of her immigrants. Thus, the balance for multipolarity in policy favors the US over Russia. M. Pflum

The purpose of the paper is to define Russia's current foreign policy trend by going through its role in the structure of the post-Cold War international system. Over a domestic situation analysis & an evaluation on foreign policy, the author points out the challenges faced by the country after the USSR fall, & mentions the policies adopted to overcome some critical situations. The main hypothesis is that there is a clear tendency on Moscow's foreign policy, with well-defined objectives, approved by its people, who are looking for a decisive role in a multipolar world. The article plans the changes derived from a new approach in Russia's foreign policy. Finally, it deals with some cases in order to examine the recent course of Russian foreign policy & its strategies, & proposes some perspectives based on the situation prior to September 11th. Adapted from the source document.

This article proceeds from the understanding of populism as a form of government &/or of political leadership, as a strategy to hold power &/or to come into power. The key to populism is the direct relation between the leader (governor or aspirant to governor) & the governed (or potentially governed) over the intermediate groups ("political class," party system, ideological & cultural movements, etc). Hence, we assert that the "narodniki" movement in Russia of the 19th century, adduced in many texts as a pioneer of populism, did not have a populist character. In contrast, the numerous populist experiences in Russia, from Ivan the Terrible to Vladimir Putin, have been situated on the intersection between the governor, the intermediate sectors, & the governed. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

After WWII, there was a bipolar order that disappeared when one of the two big powers left the historical scene. Based on that fact, many people thought of the rising of a unipolar world led by the US, but the correlation of forces became more complex. That fact brought new challenges for Russia & its insertion into the international scene. 3 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the effects of capitalist globalization & neoliberal dominance on the Russian economy four years after the initiation of economic reforms. It is asserted here that neoconservatism, along with the formation of global economic blocs, was a key contributor to the decline of the Soviet economy. Neoconservatism influenced the perestroika policy & other government measures implemented under the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. Such measures led to hyperinflation, high unemployment, & the decline of industry. It is concluded that massive territorial & administrative reconstruction are needed in Russia to put an end to the economic crisis of the reforms. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the conflict between Russia and Chechnya, comparing the situation in the Caucasus to Kosovo; 1995-99, with some focus on relations since the 1940s.

This work addresses Russia's relations with one of the two Asian-Pacific powers: the People's Republic of China. The author presents a thorough analysis of Russian-Chinese relations during the last 17 years, with an examination of how relevant these relations have been for Moscow, & of the likelihood of a shift in the world powers correlation. This assessment of current Russian-Chinese relations reveals that they have not been as they should & might have been, for which reason many opportunities have been wasted. Relations since the 1990s have focused mainly on the harmonization of their policies toward the world & within the framework of international organizations, at the cost of issues concerning bilateral economic & trade cooperation. Although relationships between Russia & China may be said to be sound, their mutual convenience & shared interests will keep them together only for a short time. Indeed, their common ambivalence, the priority given to collateral interests, & even caution & distrust make these relations somewhat unpredictable. In the years to come Moscow & Beijing will most likely still be guided by their shared interests & individual priorities. This bilateral relationship has positive connotations, as it furthers the region's security & stability, while promoting economic development. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the role of religion in the formation of culture & identity among the Russian people. The original gods of Russia were pagan. Certain pagan traditions, eg, the public baths, continued with the advent of Christianity. Communism brought about a final transition from Christianity to atheism, accompanied by the demoralization of Russians during WWII. It is concluded that, with the decline of communism, a new type of spiritual conversion may occur. Adapted from the source document.