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3. I Made Sutaba (Lembaga Purbakala, Gianyar) memberikan la- poran tentang penemuan baru dua sarcophagi di Bali.

Cliff tombs and decorated stone sarcophagi from the Eastern Han period have been found in especially large numbers in Sichuan. The sudden rise of cliff tomb burial in the southwest and its decline by the 3rd century CE suggests that it was a trend that answered a particular call in a specific period. Their geographical concentration and use in a period of general social and political stability and economic prosperity in the region point to a distinctive new development in burial custom. Cliff tomb burial represented a fundamental shift in artistic and communicative objectives and a modification in cemetery layout. After examining cliff tombs found in Hejiang county, Sichuan, and especially the iconography and meaning of images carved on stone sarcophagi found therein, the paper suggests a number of possible reasons for the rise of cliff tomb burial, including a wish to eschew the ostentation associated with funereal practice at the time.

Cliff tombs and decorated stone sarcophagi from the Eastern Han period have been found in especially large numbers in Sichuan. The sudden rise of cliff tomb burial in the southwest and its decline by the 3rd century CE suggests that it was a trend that answered a particular call in a specific period. Their geographical concentration and use in a period of general social and political stability and economic prosperity in the region point to a distinctive new development in burial custom. Cliff tomb burial represented a fundamental shift in artistic and communicative objectives and a modification in cemetery layout. After examining cliff tombs found in Hejiang county, Sichuan, and especially the iconography and meaning of images carved on stone sarcophagi found therein, the paper suggests a number of possible reasons for the rise of cliff tomb burial, including a wish to eschew the ostentation associated with funereal practice at the time.

Cliff tombs and decorated stone sarcophagi from the Eastern Han period have been found in especially large numbers in Sichuan. The sudden rise of cliff tomb burial in the southwest and its decline by the 3rd century CE suggests that it was a trend that answered a particular call in a specific period. Their geographical concentration and use in a period of general social and political stability and economic prosperity in the region point to a distinctive new development in burial custom. Cliff tomb burial represented a fundamental shift in artistic and communicative objectives and a modification in cemetery layout. After examining cliff tombs found in Hejiang county, Sichuan, and especially the iconography and meaning of images carved on stone sarcophagi found therein, the paper suggests a number of possible reasons for the rise of cliff tomb burial, including a wish to eschew the ostentation associated with funereal practice at the time. ; V provinci Sichuan je bilo odkritih veliko skalnih grobnic in okrašenih kamnitih sarko­fagov iz dinastije Vzhodni Han. Nenadni pojav skalnih grobnic na jugozahodu in upad teh v 3. stoletju kažeta, da je šlo za težnjo, ki je zadostila posebnim zahtevam v tem specifičnem obdobju. Njihova geografska zgoščenost in uporaba v obdobju splošne družbene in politične stabilnosti ter gospodarske blaginje v regiji kažeta na povsem nov razvoj v pogrebnih običajih. Skalne grobnice tako predstavljajo temeljno spremembo v umetniških in komunikacijskih težnjah ter spremembo v načrtu pokopališč. Po proučitvi skalnih grobnic, najdenih v okrožju Hejiang v provinci Sichuan, in zlasti ikonografije in pomena podob, izklesanih na kamnitih sarkofagih znotraj grobnic, prispevek predstavi več možnih razlogov za porast skalnih pokopov, med katerimi izpostavi predvsem težnjo po izogibanju pompoznemu razkazovanju, ki je bilo povezano s takratno pogrebno prakso.

In the territory of La Rioja, the rise of Christianity began from the 4th century onwards, and progressively advanced within the cities and rural areas. The elites played an important role in making the spread of this creed possible with the construction of new temples, some of them privately founded. But it was also necessary to establish new funeral spaces in accordance with the traditions of the new religion. The use of the sarcophagus by these aristocracies was a source for prestige. Some of them were placed in mausoleums inside churches with a clear intention of being remembered and to add religious pre-eminence to the political, economic and social power they already had. Others were buried in cemeteries, either urban or rural, but always in graves that showed their privileged status. The aim of the present work is to analyse the undecorated sandstone sarcophagi that can be considered as locally produced and those that were imported from the different workshops located in the province of Burgos. ; En el territorio de La Rioja, el auge del cristianismo se produjo a partir del siglo IV y fue avanzando progresivamente en las ciudades y en el ámbito rural. Las élites jugaron un papel importante para posibilitar la extensión de este credo con la construcción de nuevos templos, algunos de ellos de fundación privada. Pero también era necesario el establecimiento de nuevos espacios funerarios de acuerdo con las costumbres de la nueva religión. El uso del sarcófago por parte de estas aristocracias fue un motivo de prestigio. Algunos de ellos fueron depositados en mausoleos en el interior de iglesias con una clara intención de ser recordados y de añadir una preeminencia religiosa al poder político, económico y social que ya tenían. Otros se enterraron en cementerios, urbanos o rurales, pero en tumbas que mostraban su estatus privilegiado. El objetivo es analizar los sarcófagos de arenisca y sin decoración que se pueden considerar como de producción local y los que fueron importados desde los diferentes talleres ubicados en la provincia de Burgos.

Within the framework of the chronological et typological space made of the territories between the Loire river and the Pyrénées mountain at the beginning of early Middle Ages, cultural and political diversity leads to a transformation of the funerary containers. Between roman heritage and local innovation, the sarcophagi production undergoes various evolutions, partially constrained by the available natural resources and the tools used. The main goal of this work was in a first place to take an inventory of the sarcophagi and study their dispersion on the territory mentioned. The 1840 sarcophagi identified over more than 150 archaeological sites implied developing a suitable methodology and useful tools to gather the data and permit their analysis. Therefore, a practical database was designed to fulfill the need of recording measures, preservation state and other information on the sarcophagi observed. At the same time, the different defined types of sarcophagi were depicted on maps, in order to evaluate their geographical dispersion. This comparative approach based on morphological and typological study of the funerary containers has been enhanced with statistical analyses on measures recorded. These different processes succeeded in depicting various productions with different characteristics. In addition to these characteristics, the data collected allowed to feed different topics on a larger scale, such as the diffusion of these goods beyond strong cultural frontiers. On the contrary, distribution networks appear to be well organized and very efficient on a local or regional scale. Most of the sarcophagi productions are local, and only types and ideas travel, even if some of the sarcophagi travelled over long distances. The conclusions obtained shed the light on new elements on topics such as economy and techniques, where the sarcophagus holds a central place. ; Dans cet espace chronologique et géographique que constitue le territoire entre la Loire et les Pyrénées au début du haut Moyen-Âge, la diversité ...

Within the framework of the chronological et typological space made of the territories between the Loire river and the Pyrénées mountain at the beginning of early Middle Ages, cultural and political diversity leads to a transformation of the funerary containers. Between roman heritage and local innovation, the sarcophagi production undergoes various evolutions, partially constrained by the available natural resources and the tools used. The main goal of this work was in a first place to take an inventory of the sarcophagi and study their dispersion on the territory mentioned. The 1840 sarcophagi identified over more than 150 archaeological sites implied developing a suitable methodology and useful tools to gather the data and permit their analysis. Therefore, a practical database was designed to fulfill the need of recording measures, preservation state and other information on the sarcophagi observed. At the same time, the different defined types of sarcophagi were depicted on maps, in order to evaluate their geographical dispersion. This comparative approach based on morphological and typological study of the funerary containers has been enhanced with statistical analyses on measures recorded. These different processes succeeded in depicting various productions with different characteristics. In addition to these characteristics, the data collected allowed to feed different topics on a larger scale, such as the diffusion of these goods beyond strong cultural frontiers. On the contrary, distribution networks appear to be well organized and very efficient on a local or regional scale. Most of the sarcophagi productions are local, and only types and ideas travel, even if some of the sarcophagi travelled over long distances. The conclusions obtained shed the light on new elements on topics such as economy and techniques, where the sarcophagus holds a central place. ; Dans cet espace chronologique et géographique que constitue le territoire entre la Loire et les Pyrénées au début du haut Moyen-Âge, la diversité ...

The study of the Attic sarcophagi from Ephesos throws a light on the tectonics, the ornaments, the iconography and the stylistic development as a basis for a relative chronology of the genre on site. The results of this study gain in importance as they can be correlated with chronologically "fixed" data - see the Aristides sarcophagus with its portrait and the associated inscription on the sarcophagus base. The results can be compared with other Attic sarcophagi and be applied to other genres of the imperial Attic sculpture, so that the importance of the Attic sarcophagi as one of the leading forms of the Greek sculpture of the imperial period is underlined. - Die Untersuchungen der attischen Sarkophage aus Ephesos ergaben vielfältige Kriterien und Entwicklungen in Bezug auf Tektonik, Ornamentik, Ikonographie und Stil für die Erstellung einer relativen Chronologie der Gattung vor Ort. Die erzielten Resultate gewinnen an Bedeutung, da sie mit chronologisch "fixierten" Eckdaten – siehe den Aristides-Sarkophag mit Porträtkopf und zugehöriger Inschrift am Sarkophagsockel – korreliert werden können. Die Ergebnisse können so mit anderen attischen Sarkophagen verglichen werden und werden übertragbar auf andere Gattungen der kaiserzeitlichen attischen Plastik, so dass eine Bedeutung / der Rang der attischen Sarkophage als Leitgattung für die griechische Plastik der Kaiserzeit untermauert wird.

Salona and Tilurium were two settlements at a distance of some 30 km. Salona was a city and a Roman colonia, while Tilurium was a fortress of the Seventh Legion. These two settlements were interconnected economically and culturally, as the former was the latter's harbour, supplying it with various commodities for the army units. As early as the foundation of the fortress, Tilurium became a stone carving centre, whose workshops produced the so-called Gardun Trophy and a series of funerary stelae decorated with weapons and military equipment. There is no doubt that the carvers in Tilurium continued their work for several decades after finishing the Gardun Trophy. The soldiers of the Seventh Legion, stationed at Tilurium, were detached to serve in Salona, where some of them died. Despite being produced in Salona, their funerary monuments were designed in imitation of "Tilurian" shapes, which is further proved by the kind of stone used (most probably the limestone from the quarry in Siget, a village in the vicinity of Trogir, Roman Tragurium, a coastal town northwest of Salona). Once the Seventh Legion had left Tilurium, the stone carvers moved to the fortress of the Ninth Legion at Burnum, where they continued to produce funerary monuments showing "Tilurian" characteristics. Later on, iconographic traits of Tilurian workshops appeared sporadically in Salona (doors by the sides of the inscription field on one sarcophagus). When the soldiers had left for the Danube limes, the inhabitants of the area still sometimes purchased funerary stones in Salona (the sarcophagus of Claudia Quintina).

As a result of archaeological observations in Derbent, carried out in 2020, a Muslim burial ground was discovered, representing a section of the medieval northern city necropolis, located behind the northern city defensive wall. More than 80 sarcophagus-like gravestones were discovered, made of a single stone monolith and consisting of an upper part - a body and a protruding rectangular plinth. They are of three main types: 1 - with a semicircular cross-section of the body (semi-cylindrical), 2 - with a lancet cross-section, 3 - with a rectangular cross-section of the body. There are sarcophagi nos. 1-3, two of which (sarcophagi nos. 1, 2) have figured images on the top of the case - this is an eight-pointed star or a simplified octogram - the famous Muslim symbol rubʿ al-Hizb or najmat al-Quds, associated with one of the main Muslim shrines - the Dome of the Rock (Masjid Qubbat as-Sahra) mosque in Jerusalem, but also known in the literature as the "Selçuklu Yıldızı" (Tur. Selçuklu Yıldızı), which became widespread in the Seljuk Empire in architectural decor and decorative and applied arts art ceramics, metal) in various variations. The length of the body of the identified sarcophagi ranges from 52 to 266 cm with a width of 19 to 68 cm and a height of 13 to 56 cm; the length of the plinth ranges from 68 cm to 288 cm with a width of 40-95 cm and a thickness of 5-10 cm. Obviously, the size of the sarcophagi reflects three age categories of the buried: children, adolescents, and adults. Sarcophagus No. 40 has an epitaph in Arabic in the Kufi script of the 11th-12th centuries.All in situ sarcophagi are oriented to the west and indicate the location of burials beneath them, apparently having the same orientation and made in elongated rectangular stone boxes (cysts).The revealed sarcophagi dating back to the last third of the 11th - 12th centuries. and their appearance in Derbent and Dagestan is associated with the Seljuk military-political and ethnocultural expansion in the Eastern Caucasus.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Women, marriage and death in the drama of Renaissance Crete -- Fathers and kings in Apollonius of Tyre -- Acca Larentia gains a son: myths and priesthood at Rome -- The art of the state in fifth-century Athens -- The case of satyrs -- Agamemnon's skēptron in the Iliad -- Dunamis in the archaeological record at Mycenae -- Face to face with authority: some scenes in fourth-century Christian sarcophagi -- Aristotelian Authority -- Trials of the hero in Sophocles' Ajax -- Translating images of authority: the Christian Roman emperors in the Carolingian world -- Floreat Perge!.

The Hellenistic tradition of funerary monuments in Early Imperial Asia Minor was based equally on both, the form and decoration of tomb monument. Figural decoration on panel reliefs or sarcophagi embodied political allegory and civic ideology together with the depiction of the deceased. Unfortunately, various free standing statues and mural paintings are nowadays consider lost, despite numerous references of ancient authors and epigraphic evidence. How much of funerary decoration should be understood in terms of traditional civic ideas of the Hellenistic world and how much in terms of Roman concept, is one of the most important issues related to the Roman sepulchral landscape in Anatolia. Early Imperial architectural forms followed hellenistic tradition while communicating Roman ideas through orientation and organization of space. Similar system of public honours that Greek cities bestowed upon their citizens and foreign benefactors in previous period (praise, crown, statue, prohedria, tafé demosia) was maintained. Architectural changes in western Asia Minor came about in the Augustan Age, reflecting the major political transformation of the empire.

At the end of Prehistory, many civilizations were flourishing in south-western Asia, both in Mesopotamia and on the coastline of Sirya, Lebanon and Palestine. These were the empires of the Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians, as well as the Hittites and the Phoenician city-states. The ancient Egyptian civilization was also developing in north-eastern Africa which, like the others specified above, made use of the waters of a river. This essay examines the agricultural practices carried out by the ancient Egyptians on the banks and delta of the Nile, which annually deposited beneficial layers of silt during flooding. Egyptian agriculture adequately preserved the natural forest-maquis by reserving it for the harvesting of wood, which was then used for making furniture and sarcophagi, as well as for their building works. The ancient Egyptians also protected the environment around stands of Papyrus, which was used for making writing materials, in boat building and in the hunting of water birds. The methods which they used in agricultural practice and environmental protection highlight the advanced nature of their civilization, especially during the New Kingdom era.