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International audience ; The struggle against food and nutrition insecurity has achieved relative successes during the past few decades: the widespread use of technical innovations (in risks prediction, in agricultural intensification or in ready-to-use therapeutic foods) has been combined with the reshaping of the political and humanitarian environment. But, as risky situations and food crises are going on, these sectorial actions are no longer functional and effective. These "new or variant food crisis" are more difficult to anticipate and more complex to resolve because of multi-dimensional and multi-level scales, because of unpredictable interactions between risks, perceptions and actions, and also because of competition between actors. The challenges concerning food securitization are so important that revising our way of thinking has now become a must. This led us to reverse the perspective and to no longer consider the fight against food insecurity in terms of quantified targets and standards but rather as a process made of uncertainties, trials and errors, and of various arrangements owing to existing power relations. Using the concept of "food securitization" seems more appropriate to give a full account of the diverse achievements as well as of the remaining challenges in this broadened field of inquiries, which encompasses the agro-environmental issue (related to future effects of climate change), the nutritional sphere, as well as problems of rights, inequality, vulnerability and resilience. ; La lutte contre l'insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle a connu des succès relatifs au cours des décennies passées en Afrique subsaharienne, grâce à certaines innovations techniques et à la mobilisation de nouveaux acteurs. Mais, avec la pérennisation des situations " à risque ", la complexification des contextes " de crise ", les interactions imprévues et les changements " d'échelle ", les effets de telles actions s'avèrent de plus en plus limités. Les enjeux globalisés et renouvelés de la sécurité alimentaire (convergence entre droits, capacités, inégalités, vulnérabilités,.) en appellent non seulement à la mise au point de nouveaux instruments techniques et politiques mais plus encore à un changement de paradigme.

Европейский Союз стал первым наднациональным актором международных отношений, предпринявшим попытку сформировать полноценную внешнюю политику. Одной из главных проблем на пути реализации этой большой цели является существование у каждого из 27 государств-членов собственного внешнеполитического курса, опирающегося на национальные интересы, в основе которых лежат национальные идентичности. Цель работы — выявление механизмов формирования общей идентичности Европейского союза через дискурс о возможном членстве Турции в ЕС. ; The European Union has become the first supranational actor of the international relations that attempted to set a comprehensive foreign policy. One of the main challenges for the realization of this major purpose is the fact that each of its 27 member states has its own foreign policy course, based on its national interests centered upon the national identities. The purpose of this paper is to identify the mechanism for the formation of a common EU identity through the discourse of a possible accession of Turkey to the European Union.

International audience ; The struggle against food and nutrition insecurity has achieved relative successes during the past few decades: the widespread use of technical innovations (in risks prediction, in agricultural intensification or in ready-to-use therapeutic foods) has been combined with the reshaping of the political and humanitarian environment. But, as risky situations and food crises are going on, these sectorial actions are no longer functional and effective. These "new or variant food crisis" are more difficult to anticipate and more complex to resolve because of multi-dimensional and multi-level scales, because of unpredictable interactions between risks, perceptions and actions, and also because of competition between actors. The challenges concerning food securitization are so important that revising our way of thinking has now become a must. This led us to reverse the perspective and to no longer consider the fight against food insecurity in terms of quantified targets and standards but rather as a process made of uncertainties, trials and errors, and of various arrangements owing to existing power relations. Using the concept of "food securitization" seems more appropriate to give a full account of the diverse achievements as well as of the remaining challenges in this broadened field of inquiries, which encompasses the agro-environmental issue (related to future effects of climate change), the nutritional sphere, as well as problems of rights, inequality, vulnerability and resilience. ; La lutte contre l'insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle a connu des succès relatifs au cours des décennies passées en Afrique subsaharienne, grâce à certaines innovations techniques et à la mobilisation de nouveaux acteurs. Mais, avec la pérennisation des situations " à risque ", la complexification des contextes " de crise ", les interactions imprévues et les changements " d'échelle ", les effets de telles actions s'avèrent de plus en plus limités. Les enjeux globalisés et renouvelés de la sécurité ...

In dieser Analyse der ASEAN wird institutioneller Wandel über einen Zeitraum von rund 15 Jahren nachverfolgt. Die Verknüpfung einer diskurstheoretischen Perspektive mit institutionalistischen Ansätzen der Internationalen Beziehungen ermöglicht es, die Komplexität schrittweisen institutionellen Wandels einzufangen. Die ASEAN erlebt politische Veränderungen, die sich in den Schlüsseltexten zur Sicherheitsgemeinschaft und Charta analysieren und in der diskursiven Auseinandersetzung um zentrale Prinzipien wie Souveränität, Sicherheit und Menschenrechte aufzeigen lassen. In der Rekonstruktion von Text und Kontext der ASEAN werden sowohl diskursive Positionen und Diskurskoalitionen staatlicher und nichtstaatlicher Sprecher als auch Konflikte um politische Entwicklungen sichtbar

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.586257 ; This article examines an important (and most problematic) component of the democratic civil–military relations (CMR) concept (understood in terms of democratic control, effectiveness, and efficiency of the armed forces, police forces, and intelligence agencies). It focuses (1) on the democratization of intelligence, that is finding a proper balance between intelligence effectiveness and transparency, and (2) on what particular factors support or arrest progress in the democratization of intelligence. The article provides supporting examples from Brazil and Romania, two developing democracies that have been undergoing major reforms of their intelligence systems for almost 20 years, in terms of both transparency and effectiveness.

Not it is simple task, for those that take a risk to create company, to determine their recruiting politicians or linking of personal, should look for a balance in aspects of economic, social, moral, political and labor type that can be opposed in many opportunities; since it should be had in consider concepts like the labor stability, to conserve and to reply the acquired knowledge, to restrict labor costs but without stopping to be competitive in the market; to assume recruiting of personal but with the enough variety that allows to adjust the human resource of agreement with the necessities of competent profiles to the current changing necessities because they go from the concept of offering labor stability, without forgetting the social responsibility of the company to contribute to a country with a high unemployment index and informality. This dilemma unfolds the entrepreneur at the present time, for what the present test seeks to show in a synthetic way the manager's of labor type basic responsibilities which should be adjusted to the Law and inspired by a philosophy of managerial ethics that promotes the respect to the worker, to the state, to the community and the competition. ; No es tarea sencilla, para los que se arriesgan a crear empresa, determinar sus políticas de contratación o vinculación de personal, debiendo buscar un equilibrio en aspectos de tipo económico, social, moral, político y laboral, que en muchas oportunidades pueden ser opuestos; ya que se debe tener en cuenta conceptos como la estabilidad laboral, conservar y replicar el conocimiento adquirido, restringir costos laborales pero sin dejar de ser competitivos en el mercado; asumir contratación de personal pero con la suficiente variedad que permita ajustar el recurso humano de acuerdo con las necesidades de perfiles competentes a las necesidades actuales cambiantes pues van desde el concepto de brindar estabilidad laboral, sin olvidar la responsabilidad social de la empresa de aportar a un país con un alto índice de desempleo e informalidad. En esa disyuntiva se desenvuelve el empresario Colombiano en la actualidad, por lo que el presente ensayo pretende mostrar de manera sintética las responsabilidades básicas del empresario de tipo laboral las cuales deben ser ajustadas a la Ley e inspiradas en una filosofía de ética empresarial que promueva el respeto al trabajador, al estado, a la comunidad y a la competencia.

Wood has great potential as a bioenergy source, both as a feedstock for liquid biofuels for the transport sector and also as biomass, a direct source of energy that can be used to produce electric power. Trees, however, are generally slow growing, and some species that do grow quickly are not widely adapted, hence the interest in genetically engineered (GE) trees. This article examines the regulatory process and the effects on development and commercialization of regulatory restrictions and recent court decisions. It discusses recent US legal cases, which -- although not directly involving transgenic trees -- have implications for tree deregulation and the pace of commercialization.

Der Wandel der US-Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik nach dem 11. September 2001 wirkte sich auch auf die Beziehungen der USA zu Südostasien aus: Terroristische Verbindungen zu und Anschläge in der Region begründeten das amerikanische Bestreben, entsprechend der konzipierten Programmatik des "Krieges gegen Terrorismus" auch dort, an der "zweiten Front", den Terrorismus zu bekämpfen. Analysiert werden die Genese des "Krieges gegen den Terrorismus" und dessen Adaption in den bilateralen Beziehungen der USA zu Indonesien, Malaysia und den Philippinen. Die regionalen Auswirkungen auf das Gleichgewicht der Interessen, das sich gegenwärtig zwischen dem amerikanischen Vorgehen und der chinesischen Charmeoffensive neu einpendelt, werden ebenfalls einer Analyse unterzogen.