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This study aims to contribute to the literature on the environmental effectiveness and societal impacts of carbon tax. As a case study, we select Italy where this policy is absent although often debated in the parliamentary arena. We run numerical simulations, based on an extension of the EUROGREEN macro-system dynamic model (D'Alessandro et al., 2020) to evaluate the possible threat and advantages of this policy tool from 2010 to 2050. We follow a sequential scenario strategy: first, we build a baseline that includes the Italian Energetic Plan (PNIEC), then we introduce carbon tax which amount increases over time. On top of that, we test two hypotheses regarding possible adaptive behaviours from both the consumer and firm sides. We investigate whether a ``quadruple-dividend'' effect can be achieved, by evaluating the long-term impacts on GDP and unemployment, public indebtedness, carbon emissions, and income inequality. Scenario outcomes suggest that the carbon tax i) has mild effects in curbing emission if compared with the PNIEC, ii) generates revenues capable to contrast regressive effects if redistributed to low-income households, and iii) ensures a quadruple-dividend effect only in the case of consumer and firms' adaptive behaviour. We argue that Italy could benefit from the introduction of carbon tax. We also discuss the necessity to combine top-down policies with other public interventions to boost bottom-up adaptive strategies. This joint process could make environmental taxation more acceptable and facilitate a fairer sustainable energy transition. ; This work has been developed under the LOCOMOTION H2020 project (https://www.locomotion-h2020.eu/), funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no 821105.

Colonialism is silently inscribed in the genes of the European integration project since its origins. This is demonstrated by the incorporation of Algeria – as part of France – in the European Community and even more by its subsequent disappearance, leaving virtually no traces, following Algeria's independence in 1962. Despite the centrality of the Mediterranean to this foundational symptom, the literature on the role of memory in European integration has predominantly had an inward focus. Thus, it has failed to adequately grapple with Europe's colonial past and its influence on the EU's external relations with the Mediterranean. This Special Issue aims to fill this gap, and this introduction lays out the analytical framework informing the contributions to this collective endeavour. The centrality of the Mediterranean as an epistemic and geopolitical site of knowledge production is explored with reference to Nicolaïdis' suggestion that the EU's strategies of dealing with its colonial past have historically been characterized by amnesia, redirection and atonement. This Special Issue builds on this framework, and expands on it through an explicit interdisciplinary approach that brings to the fore some of the foundational sources of anticolonial politics and postcolonial studies, including the work of Fanon, Touré and Nkrumah. In doing so, it contributes to decentring the EU's view of the contemporary Mediterranean, while simultaneously providing a perspective from the social sciences on the emerging literature on the postcolonial Mediterranean, hitherto predominantly rooted in the humanities. Finally, we hope that this Special Issue also contributes to enabling a broader discussion on the politics of researching institutions oblivious of their own entanglements, direct or otherwise, with the histories, states, societies and peoples that they engage with today.

The paper presents the results of the research "SCC solutions for positive energy districts" developed by Sapienza University of Rome and the ENEA Energy Technology Dept. - Sustainable Energy Network, aimed at deepening the strategies for the transition of the built environment, towards optimized urban models such as the Smart Energy District. The focus on PED and ZEED, in the specificity of the national context, has allowed to highlight the significant gaps in the enhancement of existing buildings with high cultural value. The research starts from the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda 2.0 elaborated by the JPIUE, integrated by the development of the European strategic plan for energy technologies, SET-Plan ACTION n ° 3.2 Implementation Plan, oriented to the promotion of PEDs, and which represents the main tool to define directions for energy efficiency and create synergistic actions between EU member countries. ; Programme Agreement, Ministry of Economic Development MISE – ENEA- Annual Development Plan 2018 (PAR 2018). Area: Energy efficiency and energy savings in final electrical uses and interaction with other energy carriers. Project: D.6 Development of an integrated model of urban smart district Collaboration agreement: "Analysis of the players in the urban energy services supply chain for the Smart Urban District, with a specific focus on Positive Energy District (PEDs)." Principal Investigator, ENEA: arch. Paola Clerici Maestosi. Principal Investigator, Department of Planning, Design, Technology of Architecture (PDTA): prof. arch. Carola Clemente. Research Project: PEDRERA. Positive Energy Districts renovation model. Principal Investigator: Paolo Civiero (MSCA - COFUND). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and the Government of Catalonia's Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIÓ).

La gestione della pandemia da Covid-19 ha inasprito i complessi rapporti fra diritto e scienza, fra tecnica e amministrazione. L'esigenza di gestire in tempi rapidi la pandemia da Coronavirus, pur in assenza di conoscenze scientifiche adeguate, ha mostrato acremente le difficoltà che in concreto si pongono quando lo Stato sia chiamato a prendere decisioni d'interesse pubblico rilevante, che impattano pesantemente sui diritti fondamentali e sulle libertà dei cittadini anche se, paradossalmente, le medesime sono adottate a garanzia e a tutela dei medesimi. La pandemia da Covid-19, quale esempio di coesistenza e stretta interrelazione fra diritto emergenziale, gestione precauzionale del rischio e urgenza decisoria, non solo ha evidenziato l'esistenza di un processo circolare fra essi, scaturendo l'emergenza dall'inveramento di eventi di danno inattesi, conseguenti al verificarsi di rischi derivanti da fenomeni naturali ignoti, rispetto ai quali l'uomo è pressoché inerme, bensì ha rivelato l'inadeguatezza degli strumenti di ordinaria gestione delle emergenze. Proprio l'inadeguatezza delle conoscenze scientifiche ha, infatti, influenzato pesantemente il modus operandi dei Governi dei singoli Stati che, come noto, non hanno assunto sin da subito una politica di governo dell'emergenza uniforme e unitaria, nonostante la globalità e omogeneità del fenomeno, avendo piuttosto ideato strategie di contenimento del rischio epidemiologico, ripiegate sulle ipotesi (se non su vere e proprie congetture) formulate "ora per allora" da gruppi di esperti di fiducia, appositamente nominati. La pandemia, pertanto, sembra aver inverato una spirale negativa per cui l'acclarata crisi dello "statuto della scienza" ha portato con sé una crisi ordinamentale: crisi del sapere, crisi delle Istituzioni, crisi delle tutele e delle libertà fondamentali sono, pertanto, fenomeni fra loro interdipendenti. Bisognerebbe dunque domandarsi cosa resti della decisione politica, intesa nel significato più profondo del termine polis, della discrezionalità ...

Nitrogen (N) splitting is critical to achieving high crop yields without having negative effects on the environment. Monitoring crop N status throughout the wheat growing season is key to finding the balance between crop N requirements and fertilizer needs. Three soft winter wheat fertilization trials under rainfed conditions in Mediterranean climate conditions were monitored with a RapidScan CS-45 (Holland Scientific, Lincoln, NE, USA) instrument to determine the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values at the GS30, GS32, GS37, and GS65 growth stages. The threshold NDVI values in the Cezanne variety were 0.7-0.75 at the GS32, GS37, and GS65 growing stages. However, for the GS30 growing stage, a threshold value could not be established precisely. At this stage, N deficiency may not affect wheat yield, as long as the N status increases at GS32 stage and it is maintained thereafter. Following the NDVI dynamic throughout the growing season could help to predict the yields at harvest time. Therefore, the SNDVI from GS30 to GS65 explains about 80% of wheat yield variability. Therefore, a given yield could be achieved with different dynamics in wheat NDVI values throughout the growing cycle. The determined ranges of the NDVI values might be used for developing new fertilization strategies that are able to adjust N fertilization to wheat crop needs. © ; Funding: The National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (RTA2013-00057-01 and RTA2017-00088-C03-00) and the Department for Economic Development and Infrastructures of the Basque Government funded this study. M.A. is the recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Department for Economic Development and Infrastructures of the Basque Government.

[EN] Material removal technologies should be thoroughly analyzed not only to optimize operations but also to minimize the different waste emissions and obtain cleaner production centers. The study of environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes, which is rapidly gaining importance, requires activity modeling with material and resource inputs and outputs and, most importantly, the definition of a balanced scorecard with suitable indicators for different levels, including the operational level. This paper proposes a metrics deployment approach for the different stages of the product life cycle, including a conceptual framework of high-level indicators and the definition of machining process indicators from different perspectives. This set of metrics enables methodological measurement and analysis and integrates the results into aggregated indicators that can be considered for continuous improvement strategies. This approach was validated by five case studies of experimental testing of the sustainability indicators in material removal operations. The results helped to confirm or modify the approach and to adjust the parameter definitions to optimize the initial sustainability objectives. ; This research was funded by the Escuela Politecnica Nacional (Ecuador) Research Project: PIS 16-15, the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia UPV (Spain) and the Carolina Foundation (Spanish Government Scholarships) Call 2017. ; Ayabaca-Sarria, C.; Vila, C. (2020). An Approach to Sustainable Metrics Definition and Evaluation for Green Manufacturing in Material Removal Processes. Materials. 13(2):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020373 ; S ; 1 ; 21 ; 13 ; 2 ; Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our Common Future—Call for Action. Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291-294. doi:10.1017/s0376892900016805 ; Berke, P. R., & Conroy, M. M. (2000). Are We Planning for Sustainable Development? Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(1), 21-33. doi:10.1080/01944360008976081 ; De Ron, A. J. (1998). Sustainable production: The ...

International audience ; Context: The human development territories have been severely constrained under the Covid-19 pandemic. A common dynamics has been observed, but its propagation has not been homogeneous over each continent. We aimed at characterizing the non-viral parameters that were most associated with death rate. Methods: We tested major indices from five domains (demography, public health, economy, politics, environment) and their potential associations with Covid-19 mortality during the first 8 months of 2020, through a Principal Component Analysis and a correlation matrix with a Pearson correlation test. Data of all countries, or states in federal countries, showing at least 10 fatality cases, were retrieved from official public sites. For countries that have not yet finished the first epidemic phase, a prospective model has been computed to provide options of death rates evolution. Results: Higher Covid death rates are observed in the [25/65°] latitude and in the [−35/−125°] longitude ranges. The national criteria most associated with death rate are life expectancy and its slowdown, public health context (metabolic and non-communicable diseases (NCD) burden vs. infectious diseases prevalence), economy (growth national product, financial support), and environment (temperature, ultra-violet index). Stringency of the measures settled to fight pandemia, including lockdown, did not appear to be linked with death rate. Conclusion: Countries that already experienced a stagnation or regression of life expectancy, with high income and NCD rates, had the highest price to pay. This burden was not alleviated by more stringent public decisions. Inherent factors have predetermined the Covid-19 mortality: understanding them may improve prevention strategies by increasing population resilience through better physical fitness and immunity.

Government and nongovernmental organizations need national and global estimates on the descriptive epidemiology of common oral conditions for policy planning and evaluation. The aim of this component of the Global Burden of Disease study was to produce estimates on prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability for oral conditions from 1990 to 2017 by sex, age, and countries. In addition, this study reports the global socioeconomic pattern in burden of oral conditions by the standard World Bank classification of economies as well as the Global Burden of Disease Socio-demographic Index. The findings show that oral conditions remain a substantial population health challenge. Globally, there were 3.5 billion cases (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 3.2 to 3.7 billion) of oral conditions, of which 2.3 billion (95% UI, 2.1 to 2.5 billion) had untreated caries in permanent teeth, 796 million (95% UI, 671 to 930 million) had severe periodontitis, 532 million (95% UI, 443 to 622 million) had untreated caries in deciduous teeth, 267 million (95% UI, 235 to 300 million) had total tooth loss, and 139 million (95% UI, 133 to 146 million) had other oral conditions in 2017. Several patterns emerged when the World Bank's classification of economies and the Socio-demographic Index were used as indicators of economic development. In general, more economically developed countries have the lowest burden of untreated dental caries and severe periodontitis and the highest burden of total tooth loss. The findings offer an opportunity for policy makers to identify successful oral health strategies and strengthen them; introduce and monitor different approaches where oral diseases are increasing; plan integration of oral health in the agenda for prevention of noncommunicable diseases; and estimate the cost of providing universal coverage for dental care.

Background: International studies have shown that among physicians working in intensive care, a relatively high level of workload, an elevated risk of developing burnout and reduced mental health are frequent. The implementation of a legislative intervention in Germany with the goal to reduce the working hours of physicians, offered an opportunity to investigate the potential influence of occupational conditions on stress and mental health. The present study investigates working conditions, occupational stress and burnout risk in two samples of German Intensive Care Physicians in 2006 and 2016. The aim was to assess how occupational and private stress factors influenced burnout and Effort-Reward-Imbalance indices over this time-period. Methods: Intensive care physicians were surveyed during the annual conference of their profession in two cross-sectional studies (10-year gap). Data on demographic (occupational, family), medical history, and mental health (burnout and Effort-Reward- Imbalance) were assessed by paper pencil questionnaires. Results: In total, N = 2,085 physicians participated (2006: N = 1,403, 2016: N = 695), with N = 1,840 (2006 = 1,248; 2016 = 592) eligible for propensity score matching comparison. In general, more working hours per week and working days on weekends were associated with an increased effort/reward imbalance and higher burnout scores. From 2006 to 2016, reductions in working hours per week and days worked on weekends were accompanied by improvements in occupational stress (Effort- Reward-Imbalance) and by trend in mental health indices (burnout) after matching for differences in working conditions. Conclusions: The study presents the changes concerning occupational stress factors and mental wellbeing in physicians working in intensive care in 2016 as compared to 2006. These findings may promote the implementation of preventive strategies in the vocational context to protect health and productivity of physicians, especially intensive care physicians.

BACKGROUND: Participation in mental health system strengthening by people with mental health problems and their families is a cornerstone of people-centred mental health care, yet there is a dearth of research about participation from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly from the Asia Pacific region. Hence, this study aimed to assess the current situation, challenges, enabling factors and future actions for service user and family participation in mental health policy making in Timor-Leste. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 85 adults (≥18 years) who were: (1) mental health service users (n = 20) and their families (n = 10); (2) government decision makers (n = 10); (3) mental health and social service providers (n = 23); (4) civil society (n = 9); and (5) other groups (n = 13). Interview data was analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS: There was limited service user, family and community participation in mental health policy making in Timor-Leste. Perceptions that policy making is a technical exercise and that people with mental health problems lack cognitive capacity, and a lack of supportive mechanisms challenged participation. Enabling factors were a strong focus on human rights within the social sector, and existing mechanisms for advocacy and representation of people with disabilities in social policy making. Participants suggested bolstering civil society representation of people with mental health problems, and increasing mental health awareness and literacy, including government competencies to facilitate service user participation. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the need for theoretical and practical focus on the role of family within mental health system development in LMICs. Global mental health research and practice should adopt a critical approach to mental health service user and family participation to ensure that the concept and strategies to achieve this are embedded in LMIC knowledge.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the integrated Hajj information and computerization system (SISKOHAT) in the hajj pilgrimage in Sumedang Regency. This research uses a descriptive method, which is a method of one type of research whose purpose is to present a complete picture of the social setting or what is meant by exploration and clarification of a phenomenon or social reality, by describing the variables relating to the problem and the unit understudy with the phenomenon that is tested. The informants are the Head of the Office, the Head of Haj and Umrah Services, the Hajj and Umrah Service Unit Employees, and the SISKOHAT Operators. Based on the results of the research, the effectiveness of the integrated hajj information and computerization system in organizing the hajj pilgrimage has been going well, but there are still obstacles, namely the service support factor or a network from SISKOHAT, as well as people's understanding of the system. Strategies or efforts to ensure the effectiveness of SISKOHAT in carrying out the hajj properly are as follows: holding cooperation or MOU with local governments to improve network quality, organizing education and training, technical guidance or other training to improve employee integrity, and collaborating with extension workers at KUA and KBIH to provide understanding to the community or prospective pilgrims. Suggestions put forward for the effectiveness of the SISKOHAT in organizing the hajj run well are as follows: improving the quality of the SISKOHAT network to minimize existing obstacles. Also, it is necessary to hold comprehensive socialization for the community regarding the implementation of the hajj pilgrimage in Sumedang Regency, especially regarding hajj pilgrimage services using SISKOHAT.

»Sozialforschung in den Zeiten von Big Data. Die Herausforderungen der neuen Datenwelten und die Notwendigkeit einer Soziologie der Sozialforschung«. The phenomenon of big data does not only deeply affect current societies but also poses crucial challenges to social research. This article argues for moving towards a sociology of social research in order to characterize the new qualities of big data and its deficiencies. We draw on the neopragmatist approach of economics of convention (EC) as a conceptual basis for such a sociological perspective. This framework suggests investigating processes of quantification in their interplay with orders of justifications and logics of evaluation. Methodological issues such as the question of the "quality of big data" must accordingly be discussed in their deep entanglement with epistemic values, institutional forms, and historical contexts and as necessarily implying political issues such as who controls and has access to data infrastructures. On this conceptual basis, the article uses the example of health to discuss the challenges of big data analysis for social research. Phenomena such as the rise of new and massive privately owned data infrastructures, the economic valuation of huge amounts of connected data, or the movement of "quantified self" are presented as indications of a profound transformation compared to established forms of doing social research. Methodological and epistemological, but also institutional and political, strategies are presented to face the risk of being "outperformed" and "replaced" by big data analysis as they are already done in big US American and Chinese Internet enterprises. In conclusion, we argue that the sketched developments have important implications both for research practices and methods teaching in the era of big data. ; + ID der Publikation: unilu_58426 + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2022-03-14 15:34:14

BACKGROUND: Although guidelines exist for advanced and variant bladder cancer management, evidence is limited/conflicting in some areas and the optimal approach remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To bring together a large multidisciplinary group of experts to develop consensus statements on controversial topics in bladder cancer management. DESIGN: A steering committee compiled proposed statements regarding advanced and variant bladder cancer management which were assessed by 113 experts in a Delphi survey. Statements not reaching consensus were reviewed; those prioritised were revised by a panel of 45 experts prior to voting during a consensus conference. SETTING: Online Delphi survey and consensus conference. PARTICIPANTS: The European Association of Urology (EAU), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), experts in bladder cancer management. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statements were ranked by experts according to their level of agreement: 1-3 (disagree), 4-6 (equivocal), and 7-9 (agree). A priori (level 1) consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement and ≤15% disagreement, or vice versa. In the Delphi survey, a second analysis was restricted to stakeholder group(s) considered to have adequate expertise relating to each statement (to achieve level 2 consensus). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 116 statements were included in the Delphi survey. Of these statements, 33 (28%) achieved level 1 consensus and 49 (42%) achieved level 1 or 2 consensus. At the consensus conference, 22 of 27 (81%) statements achieved consensus. These consensus statements provide further guidance across a broad range of topics, including the management of variant histologies, the role/limitations of prognostic biomarkers in clinical decision making, bladder preservation strategies, modern radiotherapy techniques, the management of oligometastatic disease, and the evolving role of checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: These consensus statements provide further guidance on controversial ...

the article presents the challenges of an ongoing thesis in relation to Michel Vovelle's historical legacy, including his study on Joseph Sec. This book, dated 1975, provides an opportunity for a reflexion on the 'bourgeoisie d'affaires', a concept reassessed here on the basis of a prosopographic survey conducted on this social group in Normandy. through their direct political participation (their investment in state functions) or indirect (lobbying practices on national representation). ; International audience The article presents the challenges of an ongoing thesis in relation to the historiographical legacy of Michel Vovelle, particularly his study on Joseph Sec. This 1975 book offers the opportunity for a reflexive return on the "business bourgeoisie", a notion re-evaluated here through a prosopographical survey carried out on this social group in Normandy. From a perspective that intimately links social and political history, the whole point of this thesis consists in questioning the strategies and modalities of influence of these "financial interests": through their direct political participation (their involvement in state functions) or indirect (lobbying practices exercised over national representation). ; the article presents the challenges of an ongoing thesis in relation to Michel Vovelle's historical legacy, including his study on Joseph Sec. This book, dated 1975, provides an opportunity for a reflexion on the 'bourgeoisie d'affaires', a concept reassessed here on the basis of a prosopographic survey conducted on this social group in Normandy. through their direct political participation (their investment in state functions) or indirect (lobbying practices on national representation). ; L'article présente les enjeux d'une thèse en cours par rapport au legs historiographique de Michel Vovelle, notamment son étude sur Joseph Sec. Ce livre, daté de 1975, offre l'occasion d'un retour réflexif sur la « bourgeoisie d'affaires », une notion ici réévaluée à partir d'une enquête prosopographique menée sur ...

International audience ; Renewables' industries position themselves at the heart of ecological transition strategies to justify their territorial insertion. This has not, however, protected them from criticism ongrounds of sustainability. Indeed, the government of these industries has come under attack, with opponents saying that industry actors have failed to address critical interdependencies necessary for sustainability to be achieved, including territorial ones. In this context, this article questions the functional argument of "spatial fit", used by some analysts of ecological transition to explain the choice of regulatory scale. We do this by examining how actors use territorialresources to politicize the environmental government of these industries. Three case-studies are compared: salmon in Scotland, wind power in Quebec and wood energy in France. We show that the "spatial fit", argument neither explains governing choices nor is sufficient for actors seeking to build legitimate regulation. ; À l'heure de la » transition écologique », les industries qui misent sur des ressources renouvelables pour légitimer leur implantation dans de nouveaux territoires n'échappent pas à une critique sur leur durabilité. Les modalités mises en œuvre pour gouverner ces industries sont souvent attaquées, non seulement au nom d'interdépendances mal prises en compte qui mettraient en péril la durabilité, mais aussi au nom de valeurs. L'article s'interroge sur le lienfonctionnel entre l'échelle de régulation et l'enjeu à gouverner, et sur les autres sources de légitimité de la régulation, notamment institutionnelles et territoriales. Trois études de cas sont comparées : les saumons en Écosse, l'éolien au Québec et le bois énergie en France. Nous montrons à partir de ces trois exemples que l'argument fonctionnaliste ne suffit pas pour expliquer le choix des acteurs et n'est pas déterminant dans la construction d'une régulationlégitime.