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This article deals with the largest collection of primary sources yet located documenting the population history of any area in Sub-Saharan Africa before 1900 : 350 censuses produced between 1773 and 1845 in the Portuguese colony of Angola. It examines the administrative background of these censuses, describes the types of demographic data contained therein, and evaluates the problems raised by this corpus of data. Two major conclusions are drawn. First, although most demographers and historians have assumed that traditional quantitative sources on the population past of Sub-Saharan Africa are not available prior to the turn of the nineteenth century, a steadily growing amount of this type of documentation does in fact exit for coastal areas under European control. Second, in the specific of Angola, with the extant demographic data being closer to those found in more modem censuses, its population history can be effectively reconstructed with a fair degree of precision and detail.

The thesis presents an analysis of the determinants of the evolution of inequalities in the world, and in Sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It searches to identify not only the macroeconomic, but also the institutional, political and demographic factors that explain why Africa is the poorest and, probably from now on, the most unequal continent in the world. The thesis begins with an examination of the links between growth and income distribution. After a synthesis of the debate on the causes of development gaps, it proposes an econometric analysis of the explanatory factors of the structural level of inequalities and their evolution. The second part analyses the evolution of income distribution in Côte d'Ivoire and Madagascar at the microeconomic level, in order to identify the mechanisms that explain the impoverishment of an increasing part of the population, notably in urban areas, during periods of structural adjustment. ; La thèse offre une analyse des déterminants de l'évolution des inégalités dans le monde en général, et en Afrique sub-saharienne en particulier, en cherchant à identifier les raisons macroéconomiques, mais également institutionnelles, politiques et démographiques qui en font le continent le plus pauvre et, désormais probablement, le plus inégalitaire du monde. Une étude des liens entre la croissance et la répartition des revenus, une synthèse des débats sur les causes des écarts de développement et une recherche économétrique des facteurs explicatifs du niveau structurel des inégalités et de leur évolution constituent la première partie. La seconde partie propose une analyse microéconomique afin d'appréhender l'ampleur et l'évolution des inégalités de revenu en Côte d'Ivoire et à Madagascar, de chercher les mécanismes à l'origine de la paupérisation d'une partie croissante de la population, notamment urbaine, durant des périodes d'ajustement structurel.

The thesis presents an analysis of the determinants of the evolution of inequalities in the world, and in Sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It searches to identify not only the macroeconomic, but also the institutional, political and demographic factors that explain why Africa is the poorest and, probably from now on, the most unequal continent in the world. The thesis begins with an examination of the links between growth and income distribution. After a synthesis of the debate on the causes of development gaps, it proposes an econometric analysis of the explanatory factors of the structural level of inequalities and their evolution. The second part analyses the evolution of income distribution in Côte d'Ivoire and Madagascar at the microeconomic level, in order to identify the mechanisms that explain the impoverishment of an increasing part of the population, notably in urban areas, during periods of structural adjustment. ; La thèse offre une analyse des déterminants de l'évolution des inégalités dans le monde en général, et en Afrique sub-saharienne en particulier, en cherchant à identifier les raisons macroéconomiques, mais également institutionnelles, politiques et démographiques qui en font le continent le plus pauvre et, désormais probablement, le plus inégalitaire du monde. Une étude des liens entre la croissance et la répartition des revenus, une synthèse des débats sur les causes des écarts de développement et une recherche économétrique des facteurs explicatifs du niveau structurel des inégalités et de leur évolution constituent la première partie. La seconde partie propose une analyse microéconomique afin d'appréhender l'ampleur et l'évolution des inégalités de revenu en Côte d'Ivoire et à Madagascar, de chercher les mécanismes à l'origine de la paupérisation d'une partie croissante de la population, notamment urbaine, durant des périodes d'ajustement structurel.

This article aims to illustrate the links between daily mobility and spatial segregation processes in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a general context of population growth, urban sprawl and persistent poverty in both households and public actors in Dar es Salaam, Dakar, as in other major African cities, transport is proving to be problematic. The case studies highlight the very large differences in access to the city between walkers and users of motorised modes, between residents of remote and accessible neighbourhoods and those living in non-remote and landlocked neighbourhoods. The numerous gaps in the equipment and accessibility of neighbourhoods increase the negative impact of low incomes on mobility and encourage a forced decline in the neighbourhood, at the risk of deepening poverty and urban segregation. ; International audience Is the City beyond Reach? Walking, Access to Services and Spatial Segregation in Sub-Saharan Africa. - The aim of this article is to illustrate the links between daily travel and spatial segregation in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a context of rapid demographic growth, unplanned urban sprawl and increasing poverty of the public sector and the population, in Dar Es Salaam and Dakar, like in other large African cities, trips between distant districts are problematic. The case studies highlight differential access to the urban space between the "confirmed pedestrians" and the users of motorised means of transport, and between the residents from the well-off planned and accessible districts and those from the poor unplanned and inaccessible ones. Deficiencies in the supply of basic facilities and in the accessibility to the neighbourhoods reinforce the negative impact of low incomes on daily travel, and encourage the confinement of populations in their neighbourhood with the risk of increasing urban poverty and segregation. ; This article aims to illustrate the links between daily mobility and spatial segregation processes in sub-Saharan Africa cities. In a general context of ...