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This paper offers a broad historical and comparative analysis of territorial organisation and autonomy in Russia from the early modern age to the present. To what degree, when, and why did the Russian and Soviet authorities accommodate and even promote regional and national autonomies on their expanding territory? The paper reviews efforts at decentralisation (and in some cases fede ralisation) as a set of imagined, proposed, and (partially) implemented measures. In so doing, it identifies historical 'moments' at which autonomous solutions became particularly important. It also highlights commonalities and differences, continuities and ruptures in longterm perspective while tracing the specificities of the Russian case. While different forms of territorial autonomy co-existed throughout Russian history, most were shortlived or heavily constrained.

Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die Frage nach der Anwendbarkeit der scale-Debatte in Bezug auf den europäischen Integrations- und Erweiterungsprozess. Am Anfang steht eine Systematisierung der verschiedenen Dimensionen des scale-Begriffs (Konstruktion, Prozesshaftigkeit, Relationalität, Governance), um dann die jüngeren funktionalen und räumlichen Veränderungen von Staatstätigkeit in Europa im Lichte dieser Dimensionen zu reflektieren. Am Beispiel der europäischen Regionalpolitik wird gezeigt, wie politische Verantwortlichkeiten von den EU-Staaten auf die europäische und auf die regionale Maßstabsebene transferiert werden. Die Verfasserin versteht dies als offenen Prozess der inhaltlichen und räumlichen Transformation. Das Rescaling unter neoliberalen Vorzeichen zielt auf eine Mobilisierung der jeweiligen regionalen Potenziale in der Triadenkonkurrenz mit Japan und den USA. (ICE2)

Reports on a study of the state of the (Anglican) Church in Wales, which investigated the Church in Wales as a sociological institution through attitudes held by the clergy and lay members of the Church. Asserts that churches are institutional associational groups with rational‐bureaucratic forms of administration, rather than organizations, but that it helps to conceptualize the church as if it were an organization. Outlines some of the problems the Church faces – maintaining a presence in sparsely populated areas, secularization, decreasing personnel, and conservatism. Discusses the Church's theory of itself and explores the conceptual world of the laity with regard to the nature of the Church, its structure, and the relationship between the Church and the world. Concludes that social enquiry is all about listening.

This research was led within the framework of a program ORSTOM / IRD " environment and health " in the southwest of Burkina Faso between 1993 and 1995. This country is classified among the poorest of the planet. The orientation of sanitary policies is strongly influenced by the WHO which threw numerous slogans associated to commitments of which " la santé pour tous d'ici l'an 2000 ", more known under the name of policy of Alma-Ata. This geography of the health study tried to estimate the impact of this policy in Burkina Faso. A geography of the offer of public care was realized by leaning on the territorial organization. In this optics, two approaches were favored: - State approach based on non statistical data, - Population approach : the social organization and the practice of the territory sometimes come in contradiction with the representation of the territory by the State. This double approach aims at understanding the inadequacy between supply and demand of care in Burkina Faso. ; Cette recherche a été menée dans le cadre d'un programme ORSTOM/IRD "environnement et santé" dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso entre 1993 et 1995. Ce pays communément classé parmi les plus pauvres de la planète bénéficie de multiples aides financières, techniques. tant des ONG que des organismes internationaux comme la Banque Mondiale. L'orientation des politiques sanitaires est fortement influencée par l'OMS qui a lancé de nombreux slogans associés à des engagements dont "la santé pour tous d'ici Tan 2000", plus connu sous le nom de politique d'Alma-Ata, est le plus marquant. Cette étude qui s'inscrit dans les travaux de géographie de la santé a tenté d'évaluer l'impact de cette politique au Burkina Faso. Une géographie de l'offre de soins publics a ainsi été réalisée en s'appuyant sur l'organisation territoriale. Dans cette optique, deux approches ont été privilégiées: * celle de l'État puisque dans les politiques de développement les structures de soins constituent des éléments de base attribués aux villages selon des critères ...

This research was led within the framework of a program ORSTOM / IRD " environment and health " in the southwest of Burkina Faso between 1993 and 1995. This country is classified among the poorest of the planet. The orientation of sanitary policies is strongly influenced by the WHO which threw numerous slogans associated to commitments of which " la santé pour tous d'ici l'an 2000 ", more known under the name of policy of Alma-Ata. This geography of the health study tried to estimate the impact of this policy in Burkina Faso. A geography of the offer of public care was realized by leaning on the territorial organization. In this optics, two approaches were favored: - State approach based on non statistical data, - Population approach : the social organization and the practice of the territory sometimes come in contradiction with the representation of the territory by the State. This double approach aims at understanding the inadequacy between supply and demand of care in Burkina Faso. ; Cette recherche a été menée dans le cadre d'un programme ORSTOM/IRD "environnement et santé" dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso entre 1993 et 1995. Ce pays communément classé parmi les plus pauvres de la planète bénéficie de multiples aides financières, techniques. tant des ONG que des organismes internationaux comme la Banque Mondiale. L'orientation des politiques sanitaires est fortement influencée par l'OMS qui a lancé de nombreux slogans associés à des engagements dont "la santé pour tous d'ici Tan 2000", plus connu sous le nom de politique d'Alma-Ata, est le plus marquant. Cette étude qui s'inscrit dans les travaux de géographie de la santé a tenté d'évaluer l'impact de cette politique au Burkina Faso. Une géographie de l'offre de soins publics a ainsi été réalisée en s'appuyant sur l'organisation territoriale. Dans cette optique, deux approches ont été privilégiées: * celle de l'État puisque dans les politiques de développement les structures de soins constituent des éléments de base attribués aux villages selon des critères ...

U ovom članku autorovo polazište je što kvalitetniji i funkcionalniji teritorijalni ustroj Hrvatske, posebice njezina primorskog prostora. Jadranska Hrvatska, uz Istočnu (Panonsku) i Sjeverozapadnu Hrvatsku, jedna je od triju definiranih (budućih) euroregija NUTS II u Hrvatskoj. U današnjem teritorijalnom obuhvatu predložena je od Republike Hrvatske i 2007. godine prihvaćena od Eurostata. Obuhvaća sve primorske županije (7) Hrvatske, ukupne površine 26,7 tisuća km2 i 1,4 milijuna stanovnika (2011.). Rad razmatra moguću diferencijaciju ovoga strateškog litoralnog prostora Jadrana na tri funkcionalne (gravitacijske) regije trećeg reda (NUTS III), u skladu s kriterijima Vlade Republike Hrvatske za učinkovitu decentralizaciju i novu regionalizaciju Hrvatske. Naime, pojedine priobalne županije ne zadovoljavaju europski demografski kriterij za statističku NUTS III regiju (150 000 – 800 000 stanovnika), premda u cijelosti hrvatske županije prosječno zadovoljavaju taj kriterij. Stoga, primjenom demografskih, geografskih, gospodarskih, administrativnih i drugih kriterija, autor naglašava potrebu određivanja demografski u najvećoj mjeri usklađenih triju nodalno-funkcionalnih, odnosno gravitacijskih regija sa središtima u Rijeci, Zadru i Splitu. Tako bi u Jadranskoj Hrvatskoj riječka regija potencijalno obuhvatila Istru, Kvarner, i goranski prostor s 505 000 stanovnika (2011.), zadarska bi obuhvatila Sjevernu Dalmaciju i Liku s 330 000 stanovnika, a splitska bi obuhvatila Srednju Dalmaciju i Dubrovnik (Južna Dalmacija) s 578 000 stanovnika. Prostor Like se funkcionalno i gospodarski optimalno usmjerava na Zadar, s obzirom na nove procese povezivanja autocestom i brz noviji razvoj Zadra. ; In this work, the author's starting point is a maximum quality and functional territorial organisation of Croatia, especially its littoral area. Adriatic Croatia, as well as Eastern (Pannonian) and Northwestern Croatia, is one of the three defined (future) Euroregions NUTS II in Croatia. It was suggested in its current territorial coverage by the Republic of Croatia, and accepted by Eurostat in 2007. It includes all littoral counties (7) of Croatia, covering 24.7 thousand km2 with 1.4 million inhabitants (2011). The paper discusses a possible differentiation of this strategic littoral Adriatic area on three functional (gravitational) regions of the third level (NUTS III) according to the criteria of the Croatian Government on efficient decentralisation and new regionalisation of Croatia. Namely, some littoral counties do not meet the European demographic criterion for statistical NUTS III region (150-800 thousand inhabitants) although, in general, Croatian counties meet this criterion. That is why the author, applying demographic, geographic, economic, administrative and other criteria, stresses the need for defining the demographically maximally coordinated three nodal-functional, i.e., gravitational regions with their centres in Rijeka, Zadar and Split. So, the Rijeka region would potentially cover Istria, Kvarner and Gorski Kotar areas with 505,000 inhabitants (2011), Zadar region would cover North Dalmatian and Lika areas with 330,000 inhabitants, and Split region would include Middle Dalmatian and Dubrovnik (South Dalmatian) areas with 578,000 inhabitants. The area of Lika is functionally and economically most optimally oriented towards Zadar, with regard to new processes of highway linking and the recent fast development of Zadar.

It is commonly understood across Europe that the provision of Social Services of General Interest (SSGI) is important. Several official documents guarantee every EU citizen access to, and the availability of, SSGI. Nevertheless, when it comes to producing, financing, administrating and territorially organising SSGI, the approaches and practices used across the various European states differ significantly while often mirroring the functioning of the social welfare and national administrative planning systems that prevail on the ground. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic analysis of how European states (the EU 27 plus Croatia and the EFTA countries of Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) cope with the organisation of SSGI in the fields of education, care, labour market, social housing and insurance schemes. Outlining the similarities and differences of the various national approaches leads to the creation of a European typology of SSGI organisation. This typology will then be compared to existing typologies and classifications of social welfare and spatial planning systems. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The abundance of proposals aiming to redraw the map of the local authorities reflects the remaining gap between their size and their role. Some authorities cannot effectively exercise their powers anymore. The first solution would be to redraw the boundaries of the local authorities; the second one would be to change the role of each level of local authorities. In both case, it is the territorial organisation of the Republic which should be reformed. It is then up to legal experts to determine whether the legislative power is allowed by the Constitution to carry out alone those reforms. If the Constitution does not always assert the jurisdiction of the State to reform the territorial organisation of the Republic, it does not forbid the State to engage alone such reforms. However, the attitude of the legislative power was to protect the interests of the existing local authorities by avoiding to remove units and by not setting a normative hierarchy between them. Consequently, the reforms carried out by the State have failed to resorb the gap between the size and the role of the local authorities. This failure does not give proof of constitutional constraints, contrary to what is argued in the political discourse. It reveals by contrast the weight of the political constraints which the legislative power has to face with, especially because of the combination of elective offices. The end of this French peculiarity will maybe confirm this assert. ; L'abondance des propositions de redécoupage de la carte des collectivités territoriales témoigne du décalage persistant entre leur taille et leur rôle. Leur territoire ne permet plus à certaines collectivités d'exercer efficacement leurs compétences. La première solution consisterait à redécouper le territoire des collectivités territoriales ; la seconde consisterait à modifier le rôle de chaque niveau de collectivités territoriales. Dans les deux cas, c'est l'organisation territoriale de la République qu'il faudrait réformer. Il appartient alors au juriste de déterminer ...