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the 1880's - the Francophones - Ontario - Durant les années 1880, les francophones de l'est de l'Ontario ont formulé une définition de leur communauté à la fois enracinée dans le passé et issue de circonstance contemporaines. En effet, c'est par suite de la controverse sur la langue d'enseignement en Ontario qu'émergeait l'identité franco-ontarienne. À partir de 1830, l'est de l'Ontario, surtout le comté de Prescott, est le point de jonction géographique des Canadas anglais et français, la boucle de la ceinture bilingue. Ainsi, l'immigration en provenance du Québec transforme cette région, d'une zone frontière où vit une population anglophone clairsemée, en un secteur à majorité francophone. Dès lors, toute l'attention de la province se tourne vers ce comté ; la controverse sur la langue d'enseignement s'intensifie particulièrement après 1885, alors que le gouvernement ontarien adopte une série de mesures destinées à restreindre l'utilisation du français dans les écoles de la province. Chad Gaffield examine ici la question linguistique par rapport à l'histoire sociale et à l'identité culturelle de l'est de l'Ontario. Il compare directement les écrits des autorités et des divers dirigeants sociaux au XIXe siècle en Ontario avec les opinions et l'expérience réelles des résidents de cette région.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

International audience ; In the 19th century, immigration offenses have a mainly ex post immigration regulatory function, mostly punishing vagrants and beggars, whose integration is considered a failure. The apparition of specific foreigner measures at the end of the 1880's, the non-respect of which soon leads to a trial in a tribunal correctionnel, does not however fundamentally changes the "repressive regime" inherited from the 19th century. The discrepancy appearing during the 1880's-1890's is less related to repression than to legal order. Immigration becomes a question strictly related to the sovereign power and falls under the administration's jurisdiction only, without any legal guarantees. This gradual empowerment of foreigners as a legal category, following a process neither unquestioned nor linear, finally leads to the 1938 decree-laws. These decree-laws designed a worsened repressive regime towards foreigners deemed "undesirable" and therefore created a specific law for foreigners which is not being derogatory from the common law in the strict sense of the term but could be labelled as an "exceptional common law". The blurring of borders within the political order that can be seen in 1938 shows how justice can be at the boundary between the law that ties and limits power and the concrete wielding of the State's strength.

THE ARGUMENT THAT MEN COULD ACHIEVE AN INCOME SUFFICIENT TO "MAINTAIN A FAMILY" BY PROHIBITING WOMEN'S AND ESPECIALLY WIVES' JOBHOLDING, KNOWN AS THE "FAMILY WAGE" DOCTRINE, UNDERPINNED BRITISH MALE TRADE UNIONISTS' POLITICAL INITIATIVES BETWEEN 1842 AND 1942. JANE HUMPHRIES AND JANE LEWIS HAVE ACCEPTED THIS PROPOSITION AT FACE VALUE, CONTENDING THAT THE LABOR MOVEMENT'S FAMILY WAGE STRATEGY BENEFITTED AND GAINED ADHERENCE FROM WOMEN WORKERS. THIS ARTICLE CHALLENGES THEIR VIEW FIRST BY DEMONSTRATING THAT THE FAMILY WAGE DOCTRINE'S SECTIONAL ORIGIN AND PURPOSE AND SECOND BY EXAMINING THE LANCASHIRE WOMEN COTTON WORKER'S REACTION TO IT.