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ABSTRACTSeveral analysts have advocated the TIC criterion for the selection of bids in the tax‐free bond market. The proponents, however, have overlooked the bias introduced by the TIC method. An analysis is developed which shows that use of TIC can result in economically incorrect rankings for the issuer. We prove, under conditions of certainty, that given any Bid A, it is possible to construct Bid B with coupon rates arbitrarily close to Bid A such that the TIC criterion leads to acceptance of the bid with the higher present value of interest costs.

Nation-Building implies integration on a variety of levels, but the converse is not true. Integration may result in a dependency, but does not imply the mental awareness of unity. Because of the ethnic interaction that has taken place over the centuries before and during the era of colonialism, there exist greater and lesser degrees of functional integration in Africa. Because of this interaction, Ronald Cohen and John Middleton have stated that 'ethnic units as clear-cut entities are sociological abstractions '1 However, one would be hard pressed to find anything approaching the breadth and depth of integration so necessary for us to ignore ethnic identity and diversity within any modern African state. Nation-building indicates a movement from simple interaction, through varying degrees of systems integration, to an ultimate awareness of membership in a common polity.

In the grim decades after the Civil War, Southerners dreamed of industrial growth and agricultural diversification. In this study, Mr. Moore traces the development and changes that took place in the Old Dominion during these troubled postbellum years. The state's massive debt burden touched off an upheaval, splintering the electorate into competing Funder and Readjuster factions. The Funders, composed largely of the conservative farmers of eastern Virginia and the commercial classes of the towns, were committed to pay off Virginia's prewar debt in full. The Readjusters, drawing their support

Current personnel practices are counterproductive insofar as they engender a fear of change and align the self interest of public employees with the status quo. In moving to remedy this problem, however, we must take care not to overcompensate by losing important merit concepts such as career security which may be essential ingredients for a positive, productivity oriented, system of personnel management. Such a system, derived from both American and Japanese theory and prac tice, could involve a new dichotomy of personnel management activities between political and career executives.

The use of systems terms and ecological concepts is increasingly common in psychology, and particularly in community psychology Researchers engaged in evaluation studies within community psychology are encouraged to consider four consequences of the eco logical-systems orientation: (1) reformulation and reconceptualization of the evaluation question; (2) shift of research design in the direction of complexity and flexibility; (3) shift of measurement toward multiple, qualitative, and quantitative measures; and (4) relativis tic, perspectival interpretation of results. Each of these consequences is illustrated with reference to the evaluation of a mobile counseling project

American intercollegiate athletics are experiencing a resource crisis unlike any confronted in their history. Program costs have risen dramatically while re venue has leveled, or declined. In addition, the supply of skillful labor is also not as great as in past years. The programs which will survive these crises are those which have the support of a booster/alumni coalition of political and eco nomic elite who can generate needed funds and political influence for these athle tic operations. The cost of athletic success, however, will be an erosion of the institutional control of athletics by academic administrations and faculty.

One of the striking developments in Mexican historiogra phy since 1925 is the burgeoning of the field of history of ideas or intellectual history. The movement began with Jose Ortega y Gasset & more recently the impetus has come from the influence of Jose Gaos; this study is concerned with Leopoldo Zea, one of the students of Gaos & a philosopher of rank. It analyzes a characteris tic theme in Zea's writings--the modernization of Latin Amer societies without the loss of their cultural identity--& then considers methodological problems in the history of ideas pointed up by these works. IPSA.