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Transparency is a widely used concept in debates on international politics, from transnational anti-corruption campaigns to renewed requests for greater disclosure on health, finance, or even security issues. Calls for transparency date back at least to the League of Nations, when internationalists demanded open diplomacy. Yet, it is in the subfield of GEG, and its developments on nonstate actors as a key research topic (see introduction), where the practice and theory of transparency has made the most profound inroads (Gupta 2010a). GEG has been a particularly fertile ground for the development of informational governance (Mol 2008) and the rise of numerous transparency initiatives which have been analyzed in a rapidly developing literature. Importantly, current GEG research is also highly relevant for other IR subfields. For one, recent GEG research can help IR scholars to further refine the concept of transparency and to increase conceptual clarity and sophistication. Second, research on GEG has improved our understanding of the factors that determine the effectiveness of transparency as a governance tool in international politics.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.

The master's thesis analyzes the problems of smart city cultural governance. The smart governance of cultural policy is perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon that includes the smartness, smart management, smart public management and smart cultural management. In order to reveal the problematic aspects of the research, the aim was to develop a theoretical model of smart city cultural governance and to evaluate Šiauliai city smart cultural governace functioning. The result of qualitative content analysis based on scientific sources is 3 chapters of the theoretical part: smart management, smart city and expression of intelligence in cultural management. The smart governance chapter reveals the key aspects of smartness as a fundamental component of the smart social system and the concepts of smart governance, smart public governance. Second chapter introduces the key concepts of smart city, discusses the essentials of smart city, presents smart city model, identifies the quality of smart social system. The third chapter presents and discusses different conceptual approaches of cultural management, on which are based theoretical model of smart city cultural governance. The theoretical smart city cultural governance model consists of six dimensions and eighteen qualities of a smart social system. The methodological part of the research describes the chosen qualitative research strategy, which is applied for: analysis of the content of scientific sources, analysis of the content of legal acts and informants' provisions. The theoretical model of smart city cultural governance is based on the results of the analysis of theoretical sources and a partially structured interview results. In the analysis part of the research results legal acts of different level are analyzed: legal acts of the European Union, Lithuanian national level (strategic documents, legal acts), local level strategic documents. The project of the law called the Fundamentals of Lithuania culture, which is going a long way to be confirmed by the Parlament of the Republic of Lithuania, is also analyzed. 10 informants participated in the survey of informants' attitudes. The content analysis of the informants' attitudes was done, on which base was formed Šiauliai smart culture governing model. In order to determine the functioning of the smart social management system in Šiauliai, a quality assessment was carried out. According to the evaluation, eighteen qualities of the smart social system were distributed: 5 qualities work well, 10 qualities work moderately and 3 qualities perform poorly. For poor performed qualities are made recommendations.

The master's thesis analyzes the problems of smart city cultural governance. The smart governance of cultural policy is perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon that includes the smartness, smart management, smart public management and smart cultural management. In order to reveal the problematic aspects of the research, the aim was to develop a theoretical model of smart city cultural governance and to evaluate Šiauliai city smart cultural governace functioning. The result of qualitative content analysis based on scientific sources is 3 chapters of the theoretical part: smart management, smart city and expression of intelligence in cultural management. The smart governance chapter reveals the key aspects of smartness as a fundamental component of the smart social system and the concepts of smart governance, smart public governance. Second chapter introduces the key concepts of smart city, discusses the essentials of smart city, presents smart city model, identifies the quality of smart social system. The third chapter presents and discusses different conceptual approaches of cultural management, on which are based theoretical model of smart city cultural governance. The theoretical smart city cultural governance model consists of six dimensions and eighteen qualities of a smart social system. The methodological part of the research describes the chosen qualitative research strategy, which is applied for: analysis of the content of scientific sources, analysis of the content of legal acts and informants' provisions. The theoretical model of smart city cultural governance is based on the results of the analysis of theoretical sources and a partially structured interview results. In the analysis part of the research results legal acts of different level are analyzed: legal acts of the European Union, Lithuanian national level (strategic documents, legal acts), local level strategic documents. The project of the law called the Fundamentals of Lithuania culture, which is going a long way to be confirmed by the Parlament of the Republic of Lithuania, is also analyzed. 10 informants participated in the survey of informants' attitudes. The content analysis of the informants' attitudes was done, on which base was formed Šiauliai smart culture governing model. In order to determine the functioning of the smart social management system in Šiauliai, a quality assessment was carried out. According to the evaluation, eighteen qualities of the smart social system were distributed: 5 qualities work well, 10 qualities work moderately and 3 qualities perform poorly. For poor performed qualities are made recommendations.

This article reports a study on the role of the media in democratic governance. Interestingly, this issue has not been given much attention by researchers, neither by media scholars with little interest in governance, nor by governance scholars with little knowledge about how the media works. Yet, as this study substantiates, the media is a key actor in governance. Theoretically, the paper aims at providing a cross-fertilization of perspectives on the role of the media in governance by drawing on governance research as well as on research on political communication & the public sphere. The empirical aim of the paper is to analyze how policy makers assess the importance of the media in governance. A key question addressed is the significance of fostering good media relations in order to be successful in governance in different policy areas. In addition, the paper analyzes the media strategies of policy makers' in terms of the intensity of the media contacts & of whether or not the policy makers themselves initiate the contacts. The study draws on a unique dataset, comprising questionnaire responses from the corporate, political, cultural & administrative elites (policymakers within the central government office) in Sweden. Adapted from the source document.

The functions and powers of local self-governance are broadly discussed at all levels of government institutions, non-governmental organizations and communities. There is an expressed position that local communities and their local self-governing institutions should be given the power of subsidiary decision making in locally specific issues. However, year after year, the unanimous attitude is suppressed by financial and fiscal dependence upon the central government, unreasonably large territorial units with high population density. These circumstances limit down the decision-making and, moreover, the implementation of the decisions. From this point of view, the financial and fiscal powers of local self-governing institutions and, consequently, the decision-making strata are significantly different from those in other Baltic and Central European countries, as well as Scandinavian states. This article deals with the analysis of local self-governing administration in terms of its fiscal and financial empowerment, the size of the local communities and its impact on decision-making. A comparison is drawn with Scandinavian, central European and Baltic countries. ; Lietuvos vietos savivaldos funkcionavimo bei jos galių klausimu daug diskutuojama įvairių lygių valdžios institucijose, visuomeninėse organizacijose, bendruomenėse. Vieningai pritariama, jog būtina suteikti didesnes galias pačioms bendruomenėms bei jų išrinktoms vietos valdžios institucijoms spręsti tas problemas, kurias jos geriausiai išmano (subsidiarumas). Deja, metai iš metų, kalbant apie vietos savivaldos galių didinimą, nesikeičia vietos savivaldos finansinė ir fiskalinė priklausomybė nuo centrinės valdžios, lieka nepagrįstai dideli savivaldybių teritorijos dydžiai (gyventojų kiekis). Tai lemia ribotas sprendimų priėmimo galimybes, jau priimtų sprendimų įgyvendinimą. Lietuvos vietos savivaldos finansinis ir fiskalinis savarankiškumas bei iš to sekanti sprendimų priėmimo galimybė gerokai skiriasi nuo kitų Baltijos bei Vidurio Europos ir Skandinavijos valstybių. Šis straipsnis skirtas mūsų valstybės vietos savivaldos fiskalinio bei finansinio savarankiškumo bei savivaldybių dydžių palyginti su Skandinavijos, Vidurio Europos ir Baltijos valstybėmis nulemtai sprendimų priėmimo galių analizei.

Scholarship in international law aims at addressing global forest governance comprehensively. This article reviews the recent contribution Global Forest Governance - Legal Concepts and Policy Trends by Rowena Maguire and puts it into the perspective of recent political and policy science research on global forests. While finding Maguire's volume being a very timely and valuable contribution to the interdisciplinary discussions on international forest governance, we identify some weaknesses which are mostly rooted in methodological critique and a lack of a systematic framework for analysis.

In the evolution of public governance, the wide range of public governance changes and reforms require the consolidation of innovative ideology and practice. Therefore it is necessary to modify traditional governance values, to develop the options of incremental change models, to improve the functioning of social systems and subsystems, their activities and communication between them. In the modern era of globalization and development of information technology, many functions and processes are being implemented by using network systems. Networks are an essential structural form, which helps to seek the new knowledge, to exchange information and experiences, and networking ensures these processes and their results. Network and networking researches in recent decades have become important not only in informatics or economics, but also in other scientific fields such as political science, sociology and public administration. Innovative solutions, related to the development of networked forms in the governance of public sector organizations, become increasingly important in the evolution of new public governance doctrine. By the influence of networked forms of governance, the public sector becomes more decentralized, pluralistic and provides the opportunities to consolidate cooperation with non-governmental subjects. Networks are becoming an important alternative to hierarchy and control mechanisms. The problem of this research is the complexity of networking dimensional specification in the rapidly changing modern public governance. The purpose of the study is to identify the key concepts of networking constructions and practice opportunities in the environment of the public governance changes. The article analyzes the typology aspects of: network structures, which develop integration opportunities; network systems, models and types; networking processes and their efficiency, effectiveness, functional possibilities. The authors, based on the opportunities of interpretive methods and theoretical modeling, in the article seek to summarize the indicators of newly developed new public governance doctrine, in which public administration theorists distinguish different types of policy, management and economic networks systems, described as a network structures and networking. As important task, the authors of this article hold the necessity to disclose the positions of the various authors, analyzing the interactions between the networking participants' quantitative and qualitative dimensions, normative and standardized elements of state institutions, as decision making, conflict regulation, the development of networks and networking as a systematic processes and organization performance management. The particular attention the authors distinguish to the social relations, i.e. the organizational functioning and cultural aspects of social networking, and the categorization analysis of social capital (in the context of the networking process). The authors conclude that modern public governance, influenced by global changes, has a multidimensional nature and the characteristics of cross-sectoral interaction and development of network structure formation. A special factor of new public governance becomes the development of hybrid organizations. These factors are the priority dimensions of scientific academic debates. They are underlined in the fixation of new public governance indicators, management process of public sector organizations, establishing organizational culture, value orientations and behaviour standards. Networking as a form of public government, becomes increasingly important instrumentation in modern public government methodologies and practices. Networking qualitative characteristics depend on many factors: the preparation of organizations, the professionalism of supervisors, leaders and managers, the development of democratic governance trends, the interaction with stakeholders and associations. Important factor (especially in an official and centralized networking level) becomes the social and service networks and the political, administrative and legal regulation of networks performance, which establish the responsibility, functional purposes, the forms of informal networks in organizations, and the rules of performance. The successful and efficient functioning of networking is possible only if there are created network systems with the explicit dimensions of social networks and social performance systems. ; Straipsnyje, remiantis mokslinių šaltinių metaanalizės, mišrios analitinės sintezės, interpretacinio modeliavimo metodais, bandoma atskleisti esmines tinklaveikos, kaip šiuolaikinio viešojo valdymo etapo, tipologijos raiškos formas, tyrimo dėmesį sutelkiant į kompleksinį naujojo viešojo valdymo pobūdį, įvertinant tinklaveikos tyrimų metodologinį reikšmingumą, veiklos metodologiją traktuojant kaip viešųjų struktūrų tyrimo ir veiklos valdymo logiką. Straipsnio autoriai aptaria naujojo viešojo valdymo evoliucijos procesus, kai vis svarbesnė tampa valdymo pokyčių kokybė, į rezultatus nukreipta veiklos vadyba, inovacinių valdymo sprendimų rengimas ir įgyvendinimas.

The dissertation aimed to explore the concept of UBC governance and on the basis of theoretical and empirical research results develop a conceptual normative UBC governance model. Research methodology was based on the phenomenological and heuristic inquiry strategy and integration of action research and fieldwork research elements.The dissertation included the analysis of the theoretical framework of UBC governance, exploration of the best practices of UBC governance in foreign countries, examination of the case of UBC governance in Lithuania, and development of the conceptual normative model. It was concluded that the theoretical framework for UBC governance can be examined with regard to the evolution of New Public Management and New Public Governance doctrines, the shift from Conventional or Mode 1 to Corporative or Mode 2 approach, the knowledge creation models of the Triple Helix, the Quadruple Helix and the Quintuple Helix, network, knowledge and innovation management.University and business divide in Lithuania is caused by weak UBC traditions, lack of strategic management, lack of leadership and consolidating institution, and low level of cooperative and entrepreneurial culture.

While governments are facing new challenges in wicked issues solving and ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of country the traditional public governance models and techniques become ineffective. The analysis of OECD Public Governance Reviews shows that the main focus in public governance development remains the strategic vision and agility, promoting a whole-of-government approach, leadership and stewardship from the centre, institutional strength and networking, enabled participation, integrity and transparency. Meeting the challenges requires smart mode of governance enabling governments operate fruitfully tackling with the wicked issues by timely and flexible action in fastly changing conditions. Thus the aim of this article is to set the concept of smart public governance. According the results of analysis smart public governance is stakeholder participation and networking based activity when based on timely and integrated information and adequate to the conditions rational decisions are taken and an appropriate its implementation structures and processes, techniques and tools are chosen, capacities and resources are mobilized and developed seeking for sustainable public value creation. The key interconnected dimensions of smartness - empowered citizenship, collaborative interaction, strategic agility, horizontal management – must be integrated into the system of structures and processes and affect the ethos and culture. However the level of manifestation of each of these dimensions depends on the circumstances in each country and its government's capacities. ; Sprendžiant visuomenėje ir ekonomikoje kylančiais sudėtingas problemas ir siekiant užtikrinti tvarų socialinį ir ekonominį valstybės vystymąsi, tradiciniais laikyti viešojo valdymo modeliai ir metodai tapo neveiksmingi. Straipsnyje aptariama viešojo valdymo modelio, kuris leistų sumaniai veikti dinaminėje aplinkoje sprendžiant kompleksines problemas, paieškos ir pagrindimas. Straipsnyje, remiantis viešojo valdymo iššūkiais ir pagrindinėmis reformų kryptimis, yra pateikta sumanaus viešojo valdymo koncepcija ir išskirtos dimensijos. Sumanus viešasis valdymas įvardijamas kaip valdymo modelis, pasižymintis suinteresuotųjų dalyvavimu ir tinklaveika grįsta veikla, kai, remiantis savalaike ir kompleksine informacija, priimami sąlygas atitinkantys racionalūs sprendimai, pasirenkamos jų įgyvendinimo struktūros ir procesai, technologijos ir priemonės. Tam sumanaus viešojo valdymo dimensijos – strateginis judumas, horizontalus valdymas, bendradarbiavimas sąveikoje ir įgalintas pilietiškumas – turi būti integruotos į sistemos struktūras ir procesus bei reikštis per bendrą etosą ir kultūrą.