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Recommended readings (Machine generated): Vol I. 1. Paul A. Samuelson (1939), 'The Gains from International Trade', Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 5 (2), May, 195-205 -- 2. Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul A. Samuelson (1941), 'Protection and Real Wages', Review of Economic Studies, 9 (1), November, 58-73 -- 3. Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer and Paul A. Samuelson (1977), 'Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods', American Economic Review, 67 (5), December, 823-39 -- 4. Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer and Paul A. Samuelson (1980), 'Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory with a Continuum of Goods,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 95 (2), September, 203-24 -- 5. Edward E. Leamer (1980), 'Welfare Computations and the Optimal Staging of Tariff Reductions in Models with Adjustment Costs', Journal of International Economics, 10 (1), February, 21-36 -- 6. Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum (2002), 'Technology, Geography, and Trade', Econometrica, 70 (5), September, 1741-79 -- 7. Arnaud Costinot, Dave Donaldson, Jonathan Vogel and Iv�an Werning (2015), 'Comparative Advantage and Optimal Trade Policy', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130 (2), February, 659-702 -- 8. Paul R. Krugman (1979), 'Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade', Journal of International Economics, 9 (4), November, 469-79 -- 9. Paul R. Krugman (1981), 'Intraindustry Specialization and the Gains from Trade', Journal of Political Economy, 89 (5), October, 959-73 -- 10. Gene M. Grossman and Elhanan Helpman (1990), 'Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth', American Economic Review, 80 (4), September, 796-815 -- 11. Luis A. Rivera-Batiz and Paul M. Romer (1991), 'Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), May, 531-55 -- 12. Alwyn Young (1991), 'Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effects of International Trade', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), May, 369-405 -- 13. Sebastian Edwards (1992), 'Trade Orientation, Distortions, and Growth in Developing Countries', Journal of Development Economics, 39 (1), July, 31-57 -- 14. Dan Ben-David (1993), 'Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Income Convergence', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), August, 653-79 -- 15. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Warner (1995), 'Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1 (25), January, 1-64 [64] -- 16. Ann Harrison (1996), 'Openness and Growth: A Time-Series, Cross-Country Analysis for Developing Countries', Journal of Development Economics, 48 (2), March, 419-47 -- 17. Sebastian Edwards (1998), 'Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?', Economic Journal, 108 (447), March, 383-98 -- 18. Jeffrey A. Frankel and David Romer (1999), 'Does Trade Cause Growth?', American Economic Review, 89 (3), June, 379-99 -- 19. Alberto F. Ades and Edward L. Glaeser (1999), 'Evidence on Growth, Increasing Returns, and the Extent of the Market', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (3), August, 1025-45.

Why have governments found reciprocal trade agreements such as GATT to be a more effective means of facilitating trade liberalization than unilateral initiatives? We provide in this paper an analytic framework for the study of reciprocal trade agreements. We use this framework to establish three main results. First, we argue that political-economy factors are important for explaining the range of trade policies observed, but that these factors can not explain why governments seek reciprocal trade agreements as an institutional form for implementing their preferred policies. Rather, whether or not governments are politically motivated, Johnson (1953-54) was right: The central purpose of a reciprocal trade agreement is to eliminate the terms-of-trade driven policies that arise in the absence of such an agreement. Second, we establish an economic interpretation of the principles of reciprocity and nondiscrimination that represent the foundation of postwar reciprocal trade agreements. Finally, we offer new insights regarding the treatment of export subsidies in reciprocal trade agreements.

According to a 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, Americans have the lowest opinion of free trade than the populations of the other 47 countries surveyed. The author feels this is cause for concern & argues that continuing to liberalize trade will be beneficial in restoring feelings of international good will towards America & strengthen multilateral foreign policy efforts. A movement towards greater trade liberalization in America will require a continued commitment to World Trade Organization (WTO) & its policies, which would bolster the international credibility of the United States. C. Goger

Trade liberalization is arguably a major issue in the conduct of commercial policy. As a component of it, the relationship between universal, multilateral trade liberalization and the conclusion of preferential trade agreements - that is, a process of liberalization which discriminates between trading partners - has been a focus of analysis and debate. This book is designed to enhance understanding of the salient elements of these issues. The book searches for answers to significant questions that have not been raised before, and elaborates those discussed earlier in the literature but not yet settled. Some parts of the book are purely analytical, while others focus on general principles and comprehension of concrete instances and developments. The book formulates a variety of new methods, including the construction of new instruments of measurement, to enable both ex-ante predictions and ex-post assessments of the impact of liberalization and trade preferences. The revised edition incorporates the outcome of two important studies, exploring the impact of liberalization on trade structure and the pattern of regional trade relationships. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Introduction (55 KB). Contents: Goods vs Factors: When Borders Open, Who Moves?; The Pattern of Removal of Trade Barriers; Preferential Trade Agreements vs Free Trade; Partners to a PTA: Implications of Varying Size; Small Economies: Trade Liberalization, Trade Preferences, and Growth; Preferential Agreements and Past Trade Patterns; The Impact of Liberalization on Trade Structure; Ex-Ante Assessment of a Preferential Agreement: Methods; Ex-Ante Assessment of a Preferential Agreement: An Application to Latin America; Assessing the Bias in Trade Expansion Following a Preferential Agreement; Proximity, Partnership to Trade Preferences, and the Impact of Liberalization; Proximity: The

Chapter 1. Processing Trade, Trade Liberalisation, and Opening Up: China's Miracle of International Trade -- Chapter 2. Import, Firm Productivity, and Product Complexity -- Chapter 3. Trade Liberalization, Product Complexity, and Productivity Improvement: Evidence from Chinese Firms. - Chapter 4. Processing Trade, Export Intensity, and Input Trade Liberalization: Evidence from Chinese Firms -- Chapter 5. Processing Trade, Tariff Reductions, and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Firms -- Chapter 6. Firm R&D, Processing Trade and Input Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from Chinese Firms -- Chapter 7. Input Trade Liberalization and Import Switching -- Chapter 8. Trade Liberalisation and Chinese Exports: Sourcing from the South -- Chapter 9. Measured Skill Premia and Trade Liberalization: Evidence from Chinese Firms -- Chapter 10. All-Around Trade Liberalization and Firm-Level Employment: Theory and Evidence from China.

According to a 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, Americans have the lowest opinion of free trade than the populations of the other 47 countries surveyed. The author feels this is cause for concern & argues that continuing to liberalize trade will be beneficial in restoring feelings of international good will towards America & strengthen multilateral foreign policy efforts. A movement towards greater trade liberalization in America will require a continued commitment to World Trade Organization (WTO) & its policies, which would bolster the international credibility of the United States. C. Goger

A Negative Binomial Regression Model is used to investigate the sustainability of China–Mexico trade liberalization by testing the tariff lines underpinning Mexico's successful antidumping (AD) measures against Chinese imports from 1991 to 2011. Evidence shows import tariff cutting and consumption growth have a positive impact on consumer goods but a negative impact on intermediaries. This result implies that while the Mexican government has expended considerable energy on the trade liberalization of intermediate and capital goods, the domestic consumer goods market has been protected from Chinese imports. The empirical results indicate that Mexico's AD use for consumer goods helps to sustain trade liberalization of intermediate and capital goods under the domestic political pressures for trade opening.