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Political activity is a type of social activity displayed by citizens. Observations and research indicate that gender can be a factor which conditions its degree and forms. Apart from biological gender, which shapes the societal roles of women and men, additional factors that are supposedly responsible for their activities include elements of the system of beliefs (i.e. acknowledged political values, conviction that political activity has an importance, level of satisfaction with democracy, as well as individualism and collectivism understood as an element of individual's mentality). The impact of those factors on the degree of unconventional political activities among women and men is the subject of surveys which were conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2014 on a group of 1048 students from Polish universities. The received results show that differences in political activity between surveyed men and women, as well as varying determinants in both groups, are slowly fading away. The most important predictors of women's political activity include: conviction of its significance in democracy, and (dis)satisfaction with the way it functions.

Politička apatija je generalna nezainteresiranost i ravnodušnost građana prema politici, niska razina sudjelovanja u političkim aktivnostima i slab odaziv na izbore. Istraživanje provedeno na području pet slavonskih županija u Republici Hrvatskoj pokazalo je nisku razinu sudjelovanja u konvencionalnim i nekonvencionalnim političkim aktivnostima odnosno visoku razinu političke apatije. Istraživanje je provedeno 2017. godine, metodom osobnog ispitivanja na uzorku od ukupno 662 ispitanika. Rezultati analize razlika (ANOVA-e i T-testa) pokazali su kako veću tendenciju sudjelovanja u konvencionalnim i nekonvencionalnim političkim aktivnostima imaju muškarci te ispitanici s iznadprosječnim primanjima, a u slučaju nekonvencionalnih političkih aktivnosti veću tendenciju sudjelovanja iskazali su i više obrazovani ispitanici u odnosu na niže obrazovane. Provedenom klasteranalizom opisani su pojedini segmenti birača prema razini njihovog sudjelovanja u političkim aktivnostima, a rezultati su ukazali kako više od polovice ispitanika (51,2 %) pripada segmentu apatičnih građana. Ovaj segment najvećim dijelom čine žene i ispitanici s ispodprosječnim prihodima, a odlikuju ih visoke stope političkog cinizma, izrazito niske stope interesa za politiku i percipiranog znanja o politici. Rezultati ovog istraživanja doprinose teoriji i praksi političkog marketinga u Republici Hrvatskoj jer utvrđivanjem razine političke apatije te karakteristika određenih ciljnih skupina, političke stranke mogu odrediti smjer i načine djelovanja na određenu ciljnu skupinu u cilju povećanja broja svojih birača, ali i smanjenja političke apatije kao društvenog problema. Najveće ograničenje istraživanja odnosi se na nereprezentativan uzorak s obzirom na to da je istraživanje provedeno u samo jednoj regiji Republike Hrvatske. Za dobivanje cjelovite slike i utvrđivanje eventualnih regionalnih razlika istraživanje bi trebalo provesti na području cijele Republike Hrvatske. Buduća bi se istraživanja također trebala fokusirati na detaljnu analizu utjecajnih čimbenika političke apatije. Testiranjem jačine i smjera pojedinih utjecajnih čimbenika na političku apatiju dobila bi se korisna saznanja kako na te čimbenike djelovati s ciljem reduciranja političke apatije. ; Political apathy represents the general disinterest and indifference of citizens towards politics, low levels of participation in political activities, and low turnout. The research conducted in the five Slavonian counties in the Republic of Croatia showed a low level of participation in conventional and unconventional political activities, i.e. a high level of political apathy. The research was conducted in 2017, using an in-person survey method on a sample of 662 respondents. The results of the analysis of differences (ANOVA and T-test) showed that men and respondents with above-average income have a greater tendency to participate in both conventional and unconventional political activities. When it comes to unconventional political activities, a higher tendency to participate was expressed by higher educated respondents as opposed to lower educated citizens. Cluster analysis has described some segments of the voters according to their degree of involvement in political activity, and the results indicated that more than half of the respondents (51.2%) belong to the segment of apathetic citizens. This segment mainly consists of women and respondents with under average income, characterized by high rates of political cynicism, low levels of interest in politics and perceived knowledge of politics. The results of this research contribute to the theory and practice of political marketing in the Republic of Croatia. By determining the level of political apathy and the characteristics of specific target groups, political parties can determine the direction and ways of acting on a particular target group in order to increase the number of voters and to reduce political apathy as a social problem. The most significant limitation of the research is the non-representative sample given that the survey was conducted in only one region of the Republic of Croatia. To obtain a complete picture and to identify possible regional differences, research should be carried out throughout the Republic of Croatia. Future research should also focus on a detailed analysis of influential factors of political apathy. By testing the strength and direction of some influential factors on political apathy, it would be useful to know how to influence those factors in order to reduce political apathy.

This book analyses the relationship between youth and participation, looking specifically at those repertories of involvement that are commonly clustered under the concept of "unconventional political participation". The author focuses on the connections between youth practices of participation and youth conditions in contemporary society. Drawing from the analysis of three ethnographic case studies conducted on experiences of youth participation in Italy and Sweden, the circumstances and the reasons leading young people to express their political ideas through forms of engagement located outside the realm of "formal politics" are explored. The book seeks to bring back the specificities of contemporary youth at the centre of the analysis of youth practices of participation, highlighting their often overlooked socio-historical and generational 'situatedness'. Youth and Unconventional Political Engagement will be of interest students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including youth studies, political science, and sociology

This book analyses the relationship between youth and participation, looking specifically at those repertories of involvement that are commonly clustered under the concept of "unconventional political participation". The author focuses on the connections between youth practices of participation and youth conditions in contemporary society. Drawing from the analysis of three ethnographic case studies conducted on experiences of youth participation in Italy and Sweden, the circumstances and the reasons leading young people to express their political ideas through forms of engagement located outside the realm of "formal politics" are explored. The book seeks to bring back the specificities of contemporary youth at the centre of the analysis of youth practices of participation, highlighting their often overlooked socio-historical and generational 'situatedness'. Youth and Unconventional Political Engagement will be of interest students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including youth studies, political science, and sociology

This book analyses the relationship between youth and participation, looking specifically at those repertories of involvement that are commonly clustered under the concept of "unconventional political participation". The author focuses on the connections between youth practices of participation and youth conditions in contemporary society. Drawing from the analysis of three ethnographic case studies conducted on experiences of youth participation in Italy and Sweden, the circumstances and the reasons leading young people to express their political ideas through forms of engagement located outside the realm of "formal politics" are explored. The book seeks to bring back the specificities of contemporary youth at the centre of the analysis of youth practices of participation, highlighting their often overlooked socio-historical and generational 'situatedness'.

The Director's Files (1960-1982) include the files of Labor Management Relations, Public Relations, Research, Communications and Air Safety and consist of speeches, testimonies, news articles, reports, accident and incident reports, correspondence, memoranda, and printed materials. See Series IV: Director's Files finding aid for complete description.

This balanced and thoughtful book presents a thorough analysis of the dynamics of China's foreign political and economic relations. Sebastian Heilmann and Dirk H. Schmidt consider China's view of the world; its foreign policy decision-making process; its major bilateral relations; and key policy issues such as trade and investment, security, human rights, and climate change. The authors also assess how China's often unconventional and hidden activities underlying its global expansion challenge Western predominance. By explicitly addressing controversies and conflicts and providing rich informa

The analysis of unconventional warfare & its strategy & tactics in internal political strife presents problems of definition arising from the frequent involvement of foreign powers in the internal war of a country & from the fact that secession is often the rebel's object of internal war. The military strategy & tactics of guerrilla war have been highly developed, notably by Clausewitz & Mao. It is generally recognized that, in the conduct of internal war, the political competition between the belligerents plays a major, & often decisive, role in determining the outcome. However, the theory of the political struggle, & of the interdependence of military & pol'al capabilities & actions, is as yet rudimentary. The following paper indicates a number of problems concerning pol'al structures & processes. These problems may lend themselves to generalization. The next step is an empirical effort to obtain the relevant data, not now available, for the comparative analysis from which fruitful hyp's may be derived. There can be developed, however, a conceptual framework & a list of questions & tentative hyp's which can give direction to the empirical effort. AA.

The analysis of unconventional warfare and its strategy and tactics in internal political strife presents problems of definition arising from the frequent involvement of foreign powers in the internal war of a country and from the fact that secession is often the rebel's object of internal war. The mili tary strategy and tactics of guerrilla war have been highly developed, notably by Clausewitz and Mao. It is generally recognized that, in the conduct of internal war, the political competition between the belligerents plays a major, and often decisive, role in determining the outcome. However, the theory of the political struggle, and of the interdependence of military and political capabilities and actions, is as yet rudi mentary. The following paper indicates a number of prob lems concerning political structures and processes. These problems may lend themselves to generalization. The next step is an empirical effort to obtain the relevant data, not now available, for the comparative analysis from which fruitful hypotheses may be derived. There can be developed, however, a conceptual framework and a list of questions and tentative hypotheses which can give direction to the empirical effort.

The extraction of unconventional oil and gas—from shale rocks, tight sand, and coalbed formations—is shifting the geographies of fossil fuel production, with complex consequences. Following on the natural science survey of the environmental consequences of hydraulic fracturing (Jackson et al. 2014), this review examines social science literature on unconventional energy. After an overview of the rise of unconventional energy, the review examines energy economics and geopolitics, community mobilization, and state and private regulatory responses. Unconventional energy requires differing frames of analysis than conventional energy because of three distinct characteristics: increased drilling density; low-carbon and "clean" energy narratives of natural gas; and differing ownership and royalty structures. This review points to the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the resulting dynamic, multi-level web of relationships that implicate land, water, food, and climate. Further, the review highlights how scholarship on unconventional energy informs the broader energy landscape and contested energy futures.