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El sector construcción, área de mucho impacto en el crecimiento económico del país, comprende factores internos y externos que influye en la dinámica de la inversión privada hacia la actividad inmobiliaria, lo que se refleja en oferta y demanda de proyectos arquitectónicos, asimismo la tendencia a la informalidad de las edificaciones. Actualmente los agentes que están inmersos en la actividad inmobiliaria -edificatoria, siendo la construcción de edificaciones significativa, deben conocer y cumplir con requisitos, procedimientos y parámetros normativos que demanda la municipalidad para contar con la licencia respectiva; en muchos casos estos trámites son extensos y complicados generando a los usuarios e inversionistas desanimo, descontento por resultados administrativos deficientes y pérdida económica al no tener en corto plazo los documentos solicitados. La Planeación de los Proyectos Arquitectónicos está regulada por un marco normativo legalmente jurídico diferenciado, aplicado al diseño de la edificación y a la gestión de la licencia ante la Municipalidad distrital respectiva; los actores que intervienen en su elaboración y trámite deben conocer, interpretar y aplicar adecuadamente las siguientes normas: Ley 29090 (2007),norma que regula los procedimientos para las licencias de habilitaciones urbanas y de edificaciones; Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones y modificatorias (2007), establece las condiciones generales de diseño arquitectónico; Ley 27444 (2001), regula los procedimientos administrativos para las instituciones pública; Ordenanzas municipales emitidas por los Gobiernos Locales, asimismo Normas Técnicas internacionales como la NFPA, según sea el caso de su aplicación. En este sentido el propietario o promotor inmobiliario, busca que su proyecto arquitectónico sea viable física y económicamente, siguiendo los requisitos establecidos en el documento de gestión de las municipalidades denominado Texto Único de Procedimientos Administrativos. Las municipalidades deben cumplir con otorgar la licencia de edificación en los plazos es-tablecidos legalmente, plazos contados en días hábiles no siendo el tiempo real en la práctica (días calendarios); así mismo, pueden oscilar entre 28 hasta 154 días hábiles si es aprobado en la 1ra o 4ta revisión respectivamente; estas variantes están relacionadas con los plazos que las comisiones técnicas toman para la revisión y aprobación de los proyectos ,como también de-pendente del proyectista en presentar un diseño arquitectónico que cumpla con las normas respectivas. En este proceso de aprobación por Comisión Técnica Calificadora, conformadas por repre-sentantes del Colegio de Arquitectos, Colegio de Ingenieros, Ministerio de Cultura, Indeci y funcionarios de la municipalidad respectiva, tienen la función principal de emitir documentos vinculantes para el otorgamiento de la licencia de edificación. Para el caso del proceso de aprobación con Revisores Urbanos la licencia de edificación se otorga con solo el ingreso del informe técnico favorable, adjunto a los requisitos municipales respectivos. La Población estudiada está delimitada por los Proyectos arquitectónicos con tramite de licencia de edificación en municipios de Lima Metropolitana y como muestra proyectos arquitectónicos ingresados a la Municipalidad de Lima, modalidad de aprobación C, durante el año 2017. La presente Investigación recomienda la simplificación en los procedimientos administrativo en materia al servicio de licencia de edificación; la reformulación y concordancia de las normas técnicas de edificación, difusión del servicio de los Revisores Urbanos, además de impulsar un Modelo de Revisión y Calificación de los proyectos arquitectónicos por parte de las comisiones técnicas calificadoras. ; The construction sector, an area of great impact on the economic growth of the country, comprises internal and external factors that influence the dynamics of private investment to-wards real estate activity, which is reflected in the supply and demand of architectural projects, as well as the tendency to the informality of buildings. Currently the agents who are immersed in the real estate-building activity, being the construction of buildings significant, must know and comply with the requirements, procedures and regulatory parameters that the municipality demands to have the respective license; in many cases these procedures are extensive and com-plicated, generating discouragement for users and investors, dissatisfaction with poor adminis-trative results, and economic loss due to not having the requested documents in the short term. The Planning of the Architectural Projects is regulated by a differentiated legal and regulatory framework, applied to the design of the building and to the management of the license before the respective District Municipality; The actors involved in its preparation and processing must know, interpret and apply the following regulations appropriately: Law 29090 (2007), a regu-lation that regulates the procedures for licenses for urban and building licenses; National Build-ing and Modification Regulations (2007), establishes the general conditions of architectural design; Law 27444 (2001), regulates administrative procedures for public institutions; Munic-ipal ordinances issued by Local Governments, as well as international Technical Standards such as the NFPA, as applicable. In this sense, the owner or real estate developer seeks to make her architectural project physically and economically viable, following the requirements estab-lished in the management document of the municipalities called the Single Text of Adminis-trative Procedures. The municipalities must comply with granting the building license within the legally established terms, terms counted in working days, not the actual time in practice (calendar days); likewise, they can range from 28 to 154 business days if approved in the 1st or 4th revision respectively; These variants are related to the deadlines that the technical com-missions take for the review and approval of the projects, as well as depending on the designer in presenting an architectural design that complies with the respective standards. In this process of approval by the Technical Qualifying Commission, Conformed by representatives of the College of Architects, College of Engineers, Ministry of Culture, Indeci and officials of the respective municipality, they have the main function of issuing binding documents for the granting of the building license. In the case of the approval process with Urban Reviewers, the building license is granted with only the entry of the favorable technical report, attached to the respective municipal requirements. The population studied is delimited by the architectural projects with the process of building license in municipalities of Metropolitan Lima and as an example of architectural projects entered into the Municipality of Lima, approval modality C, during the year 2017. This Research recommends the simplification of administrative proce-dures regarding the building license service; the reformulation and agreement of the technical building regulations, dissemination of the Urban Reviewers service, in addition to promoting a Review and Qualification Model of architectural projects by the qualifying technical com-missions. ; Trabajo de investigación ; Escuela de Postgrado

In this research work and is in contrast to the assumptions about how to value the young entrepreneurs of the province of Trujillo and his entrepreneurial skills and are valued in the institutional framework of the Province of Trujillo. This theory focuses on economic theory and the North of Institutional Analysis Project model GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor). After a theoretical framework that outlines the scientific enterprise and the institutional framework, is performed on the population of young entrepreneurs in the province of Trujillo, an empirical study through a survey (362 respondents) on the dimensions and data were subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis of the main variables. The results of this analysis allow us to constrastación of the hypothesis and shows an overall view on the creation of enterprises by the entrepreneurs of the province of Trujillo and the impact of the institutional framework for entrepreneurship trujillanos. Although the figures on business demography of the Province of Trujillo are very active, entrepreneurial capacity of young trujillanos is still low. The young entrepreneur has not yet been raised by the creation of their own business as a serious alternative to their professional development and work. We found that it is unable to detect the whole of the business opportunities of our community. Neither is very skilled in terms of skills to initiate and manage a business project This program of entrepreneurship is understandable in terms of the impact it has on the institutional framework is not adequate even for instilling an entrepreneurial spirit and enterprising young people in public policy priority. The institutional framework has yet to address many shortcomings. As for his informal elements, sociocultural norms, trujillana society seems to be formed in general is valued more stable employment the risk of the venture, the young entrepreneur socially in the province of Trujillo has not yet received the recognition that it has in other societies. Besides the domestic market is closed and hostile to new business. A change in this context, it should come for action in three areas where governments are the chief: Policies, Programs and Education System. The education system is recognized as a useful tool to instill in young people and society in general values that foster a positive corporate culture, but also to equip the population, whatever their training, skills and abilities to the entrepreneurial and managing the venture after launching. In general both at university and higher level of primary and secondary education, young entrepreneurs trujillanos identified many gaps in our education system. But the necessary changes in sociocultural norms in the education system have encouraged the public authorities. In this sense, despite the obvious interest of the authorities, policies and programs or actions that emanate from them are not yet sufficient or adequate or efficient. The young entrepreneur of the province of Trujillo knows policy, knows of the existence of programs and measures, but these do not seem to fill their real needs. ; En este trabajo de investigación se plantea y contrasta la hipótesis acerca de cómo valoran los jóvenes empresarios de la Provincia de Trujillo su capacidad emprendedora y como valoran e inciden en esta el marco Institucional de la Provincia de Trujillo. Para ello se ha tomado como referente teórico La teoría Económica Institucional de North y el modelo de análisis del Proyecto GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor). Tras un cuerpo teórico donde se perfila el Marco científico del emprendedor y el Marco Institucional, se realiza sobre la población de jóvenes empresarios de la Provincia de Trujillo, un estudio empírico a través de una encuesta (362 encuestados) sobre las dimensiones, cuyos datos se han sometido a un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables principales. Los resultados de dicho análisis nos permiten la contrastación de la Hipótesis y nos muestra un panorama global sobre la creación de empresas por parte de los emprendedores de la Provincia de Trujillo y la incidencia del marco Institucional en la capacidad emprendedora de los trujillanos. A pesar que las cifras sobre demografía empresarial de la Provincia de Trujillo muestran una gran actividad, la capacidad emprendedora de los jóvenes trujillanos es aún exigua. El joven emprendedor aún no se ha planteado la creación de su propia empresa como una alternativa seria a su desarrollo profesional y laboral. Hemos constatado que no es capaz de detectar en toda su amplitud las oportunidades de negocios de nuestra comunidad. Tampoco se considera muy capacitado en cuanto a habilidades para poder en marcha y gestionar un proyecto empresarial Este programa de la capacidad emprendedora es comprensible en cuanto a la incidencia que sobre ella tiene el marco Institucional no es aun la adecuada en pro de inculcar un espíritu empresarial y emprendedor en los jóvenes prioritarios de las políticas públicas. El marco Institucional aun debe resolver muchas carencias. En cuanto a sus elementos informales, las normas socioculturales, La sociedad trujillana parece resultar conformada; en general se valora más la estabilidad de un empleo que el riesgo de la aventura empresarial, socialmente el empresario joven de la provincia de Trujillo aun no ha recibido el reconocimiento que tiene en otras sociedades. Además el mercado interno resulta cerrado y hostil para nuevos emprendimientos. Un cambio de este contexto, debería venir por la actuación en tres campos, donde las administraciones son las máximas responsables: Políticas, Programas y Sistema Educativo. El sistema educativo, se reconoce como una herramienta utilísima para inculcar en los jóvenes y en la sociedad en general valores que propicien una cultura empresarial positiva, pero también para dotar a la población, sea cual sea su formación, de habilidades y capacidades para emprendedor la aventura empresarial y gestionar la una vez puesta en marcha. Con carácter general tanto a nivel superior universitario como a nivel de enseñanzas primarias y secundarias, los jóvenes emprendedores trujillanos detectan muchas carencias en nuestro sistema educativo. Pero los cambios necesarios tanto en las normas socioculturales como en el sistema educativo, han de impulsarse desde los poderes públicos. En este sentido a pesar del evidente interés de las administraciones, las políticas y los programas o medidas que de ellas emanan aun no resultan ni suficientes, ni adecuadas, ni eficientes. El joven emprendedor de la Provincia de Trujillo conoce de las políticas, sabe de la existencia de programas y medidas pero no parecen colmar estas sus reales necesidades.

"Bee pollen" is pollen collected from flowers by honey bees. It is used by the bees to nourish themselves, mainly by providing royal jelly and brood food, but it is also used for human nutrition. For the latter purpose, it is collected at the hive entrance as pellets that the bees bring to the hive. Bee pollen has diverse bioactivities, and thus has been used as a health food, and even as medication in some countries. In this paper, we provide standard methods for carrying out research on bee pollen. First, we introduce a method for the production and storage of bee pollen which assures quality of the product. Routine methods are then provided for the identification of the pollen's floral sources, and determination of the more important quality criteria such as water content and content of proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, alkaloids, phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. Finally, methods are described for the determination of some important bioactivities of bee pollen such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties. Métodos estándar Para la investigación del polen El "polen de abeja" es el polen recogido de las flores por las abejas melíferas. El polen de abeja es utilizado para nutrir a las propias abejas, principalmente para proporcionar jalea real y alimento para las crías, pero también se utiliza para la nutrición humana. Para este último fin, se recoge en la entrada de la colmena en forma de gránulos que las abejas llevan a la colmena. El polen de abeja tiene diversas bioactividades, por lo que se hautilizado como alimento para la salud, e incluso como medicamento en algunos países. En este artículo, proporcionamos métodos estándar para llevar a cabo investigaciones sobre el polen de abeja. En primer lugar, presentamos un método de producción y almacenamiento de polen de abeja que garantiza la calidad del producto. A continuación, se ofrecen métodos de rutina para la identificación de las fuentes florales del polen y la determinación de los criterios de calidad más importantes, como el contenido de agua y de proteínas, carbohidratos, ácidos grasos, vitaminas, alcaloides y compuestos fenólicos y polifenólicos. Por último, se describen métodos para la determinación de algunas bioactividades importantes del polen de abeja, como sus propiedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antimicrobianas y antimutagénicas. ; The COLOSS (Prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes) Association aims to explain and prevent massive honey bee colony losses. It was funded through the COST Action FA0803. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a unique means for European researchers to jointly develop their own ideas and new initiatives across all scientific disciplines through trans-European networking of nationally funded research activities. Based on a pan-European intergovernmental framework for cooperation in science and technology, COST has contributed since its creation more than 40 years ago to closing the gap between science, policy makers and society throughout Europe and beyond. COST is supported by the EU Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration activities (Official Journal L 412, 30 December 2006). The European Science Foundation as implementing agent of COST provides the COST Office through an EC Grant Agreement. The Council of the European Union provides the COST Secretariat. The COLOSS network is now supported by the Ricola Foundation – Nature & Culture. Figures 26–28 are reproduced from Sawyer (1981) with the permission of the publishers University College Cardiff Press and Northern Bee Books. Lidia Barreto and J Nordi wish to thank the Apiculture Research Center of Taubate University (UNITAU-SP/Brazil) and Agriculture Secretary of Bahia State (SEAGRI-BA/ BRAZIL). Maria Campos wishes to thank (UI0204): UIDB/ 00313/2020, Center of Chemistry from Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra, Portugal. Of elia Anjos wishes to thank to Forest Research Centre, a research unit funded by Fundac¸~ao para a Ci^encia e a Tecnologia I.P. (FCT), Portugal (UIDB/00239/2020), and to Centro de Biotecnologia de Plantas da Beira Interior for the OPUS software availability. Norma Almaraz Abarca thanks to the Instituto Politecnico Nacional for financial and logistic support. Manuel Chica and Pascual Campoy wish to thank the APIFRESH project. APIFRESH has been co-funded by the European Commission under the R4SMEs 7th Framework Program. Olena Lokutova thanks the Austrian Institute of beekeeping, Dr H Pehhacker and the same members of the Institute H Hagel and E H€uttinger for conducting photomicroscopic studies and pollen analysis Ukrainian samples of pollen loads, which were the basis of the atlas of pollen "honey plants" of Ukraine. Olena is grateful also to Polish colleagues Z Warakomska (Department of Botany University of Lublin) and D Teper (Polish Institute of beekeeping) for their professionalism and consultations to determine the botanical origin of some Ukrainian honey. Also thanks to their scientific advisers' academician G Bogdanov (National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine), Prof. V Polishuk (Department of beekeeping National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine) and O Martynyuk (M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine) for his helpful co-operation in the field of beekeeping and palinology. Janka Nozkova wishes to thank the Operational Program Research and Development of the European Regional Development Fund in the frame of the project "Support of technologies innovation for special bio-food products for human healthy nutrition" (ITMS 26220220115) and also by the Excellence Center for Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Benefit – project implemented under the Operational Program Research and Development financed by European Fund for Regional Development ITMS 26220120015 (Slovak Republic) and all colleagues from Institute of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra for their help with image analysis. Ananias Pascoal, Georgina Tolentino and Let ıcia Estevinho would like to thank Fundac¸~ao para a Ci^encia e Tecnologia (FCT), Programa Operacional Pontencial Humano (POPH) and European Union (EU) for his Postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/91380/2012. Wiebke Sickel, Markus Ankenbrand, Gudrun Grimmer, Frank F€orster, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter and Alexander Keller thank the financial support by the DFG Collaborative Research Center 1047, Insect Timing. MJA was further supported by a grant of the German Excellence Initiative to the Graduate School of Life Sciences of the University of W€urzburg. They are grateful to the members of the Departments of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Bioinformatics; and Human Genetics, University of W€urzburg, for constructive input on the design of the workflow. Additionally thank to the Department of Human Genetics, especially S. Rost, for granting access to the Illumina MiSeq device. Zivoslav Te si c, Mirjana Mosi c, Aleksandar Kosti c, Mirjana Pe si c, Du sanka Milojkovi c-Opsenica thank the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia, Grants 172017 and TR 31069. Gina Tolentino would like to thank the Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Braganc¸a for his research grant in the project titled " Development of new bee products in biological production way." ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

General description of research questions, objectives and theoretical framework Higher education is characterized by the increasing presence of international faculty and students. At the same time, universities are focusing more on educating interculturally competent citizens and preparing graduates for careers in a globalized world. While international students and the effects of student diversity have received considerable attention from researchers, with the teaching and learning challenges being among the main areas in focus, the experiences, contributions and needs of international teaching faculty are under-explored. The need to further research their impact and experiences, including the extent to which they contribute to the transformation of the educational environment, appears timely in the context in which they are (and we wish them to continue to be) part of our higher education system. The presentation will draw on contemporary articulations of cosmopolitan discourse with its close ties to the theory of hospitality, on which the argument for a better understanding of the experiences of international teaching faculty is founded. Today's political and socio-cultural discourse of cosmopolitanism requires that we understand the world as inherently interconnected, multidimensional and hybrid, and that we question our traditional understanding of belonging. It is paralleled by the relatively recent discussion of the role of cosmopolitanism in the field of higher education research, which underlines the importance of creating and supporting inclusive teaching and learning communities, emphasizing critical thinking, contextualization, and dialogue. Cosmopolitanism points toward the need to engage more deeply with how we conceptualize and practice teaching and learning in the global context. Furthermore, cosmopolitanism underscores the importance of focusing on whether international faculty are included in the professional communities, on the opportunities for reciprocal learning among international and home faculty, and on international faculty's impact on student learning. The presenters' intention will be to draw from cross-contextual, cross-cultural, and cross-disciplinary experiences in order to: a) Address the gap in our knowledge about the international faculty experiences in US and European higher education; and B) Understand whether, and to what extent, these communities are or can be characterized as hospitable or inclusive communities of practice from the perspectives of international faculty. These are some of the specific questions tied to the two major goals that the presenters will address, focusing on faculty, institutional and societal perspectives: ●How do international faculty members experience and perceive the educational environment at their respective institutions? What challenges and opportunities do they identify in relation to workingteaching in international contexts? ● (How) are the experiences and potential of the international faculty to contribute to the internationalization agenda of higher education taken into account in their respective institutions? ●What are some of the social, disciplinary, departmental, and institutional policies, programs and support systems that (could) genuinely value the diversity that the international faculty bring to campuses? ●With the growing emphasis in the US universities of becoming 'global' and 'diverse,' what role do the international faculty have in creating, adopting and promoting institutional and cultural narratives? ●How does academia, arguably the most progressive segment of our society, advance or react to today's cosmopolitan ethics and rearticulate our traditional understanding of the rules and practice of hospitality? Is it (or can it be) a space that could be viewed as a model for our society's transformative appreciation of inclusiveness and diversity? And, what role can we, those who inquire into the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, play in this process? Methods/methodology The presenters will report on the results of interviews conducted with eight international faculty with teaching responsibilities employed at the presenters' home institutions: Elon University in North Carolina (US) and Aarhus University in Denmark. Elon University is a small liberal arts institution with particular emphasis on education, specifically engaged learning and the development of students that are global citizens engaged with the world and capable of working in international environments. Although it strives to achieve more diversity, Elon's student body is predominantly white, middle to upper class, and American. The four teaching Faculty members who participated in interviews come from the department of World Languages and Cultures and identify as international (foreign-born). Aarhus University is a major northern European research and teaching-intensive university with a strategic goal of fully internationalizing its research and teaching, including developing students intercultural competence for the benefit of all. Currently, about 25 percent of its faculty members are foreign-born nationals, and the student body consists of about 10 percent international students. The four international teaching faculty members who participated in interviews come from the Faculty of Arts and were chosen due to their relatively recent transition into the university teaching environment in Denmark (under six years of employment). The interviews conducted as part of the study were predominantly oral, semi-structured, and audio recorded, lasting between one and one-and-a-half hours; although some chose to answer the interview questions in writing. Faculty members gave free and informed consent to participate in the interviews and were assured anonymity, in the US following the IRB (Institutional Review Board) requirements of the institution. The researchers used an inductive approach to analyze the qualitative data in order to summarize the findings, find major trends in and links between the interviews, and to establish clear connections between our research questions and focus and interview results. In addition, the interviews have been analyzed from the perspectives of hospitality theory and critical cosmopolitan theory within the framework of higher education. Expected outcomes/results The presentation is part of an international research project that we are pursuing on the topic. Main goals of the research project are to: a) address the gap in our knowledge about the international faculty experiences in US and European higher education; and b) understand whether, and to what extent, these communities are or can be characterized as hospitable or inclusive communities of practice from the perspectives of international faculty. By increasing and improving our knowledge of international academics' experiences, values and beliefs and their impact on local and international teaching communities, we aim to point towards ways in which institutions will be better able to address the needs of international faculty and improve the international communities of teaching practice. Increased knowledge about international faculty experiences can also contribute to improved academic and intercultural learning among both national/local and international academics and ultimately students. The results will arguably also be relevant with respect to the professional integration of local faculty as they are equally as diverse a cohort and may experience similar issues. This knowledge will, in turn, help inform universities' policies and practices as they move towards transforming student learning outcomes through deeper engagement with difference. One of the major goals of the study will be to identify the factors or patterns that contribute to the functions or existence of transformative spaces in higher education examine if and propose that higher education institutions function as transformative spaces where our society's views about inclusivity, diversity and interdependence are rearticulated and where a different form of hospitality is practiced.

In the process of «secularizing» the problems of faith unity, church unity|ecclesia|, change into the question of political unity. However, for the making of positive|staid| cocept| of tolerance the cultural|gracious| changes and change|changing| of dominating|mainstream| ideas are needed, but not only changes in the political sphere. These changes in a western modern culture are concentrated around|around| the correlation problems of: a|but|) earthly and celestial into religion and in its relationships with the world; b|) temporal|secular| and spiritual|spirit| powers| on the earth|ground-to-air|; c) religion unity and multiplicity of its displays. Understanding of these correlations already on the modern principles means reducing interaction| of religious and political spheres, assertion of the religiousness, which depend on exceptionally|only| against force|strenth| of Word|wd|, but not states. Opening of modern policy|politics| new|firsttime| quality stimulates "overopening|" of religious principles: both processes|Carbro| can be observed on the example of those "secularing|" and "church" theologies which|what| is created in Ukraine on the fracture|breaking| of XVII-XVIII| ages|century| and which|what|, together with appearance|occurring| of new|firsttime| theories and practices of human conduct in the world, become|stand| the determining|attributive| steps|footpace| of Ukrainian modernity development. References ; В процессе «секуляризации» проблемы единства веры, единства церкви превращаются в вопросы о политическом единстве. Впрочем, для выработки позитивного концепта толерантности необходимы культурные преобразования и изменение господствующих идей, а не только преобразования в сфере политического. Эти преобразования в западной модерной культуре концентрируются вокруг проблем соотношения: а) земного и небесного; б) светской и духовной властей на земле; в) эдинства религии и множественности ее проявлений. Переосмысление этих соотношений уже с модерных оснований означает автономизацию религиозных и политических сфер, утверждение религиозности, опирающейся исключительно на силу Слова, а не государства. Открытие нового качества модерной политики стимулирует «переоткрытие» религиозных оснований: оба процесса можно наблюдать на примере «секулярных» и «церковных» теологий, вырабатываемых в Украине на рубеже XVII-XVIII вв. и становящихся, вместе с появлением новых теорий и практик поведения человека в мире, определяющими шагами разворачивания украинской модерности. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. ЙосипенкоС.Л.Теолого-політична проблема в ранньомодерній духовній культурі. Стаття третя: Толерантність та питання єдності церков / С.Л. Йосипенко // Мультиверсум. – 2006. – Вип.59. – С.112-132. 2. КозелекР.Минуле майбутнє. Про семантику історичного часу / Р. Козелек– К. : Дух і літера, 2005. – 380с. – ISBN 966-7888-94-0. 3. РікерП.Толерантність, нетолерантність, неприйнятне / П. Рікер // Навколо політики. – К. : Дух і літера, 1995. – С. 313–332. – ISBN 966-533-330-5. 4. СоловйовЕ.Толерантність як новоєвропейська універсалія / Е. Соловйов // Політична думка. – 1996. – №3-4. – С.148-171. 5. ХомаО.Модерна спадщина сучасної толерантності / О. Хома // Sententiae. – VI-VII (2-3/2002). – с.208-229. 6. Baubйrot J.Histoire du protestantisme / J. Baubйrot– Paris: P. U. F., 1987 – р.30. – ISBN 0198273460 7. ChampionF.Entre laпcisation et sйcularisation. Des rapports Eglise-Etat dans l'Europe communautaire / F. Champion // Dйbat. – N°77. – 1993. 8. GauchetM.La religion dans la dйmocratie. Parcours de la laпcitй / M. Gauchet– Paris: Gallimard. – 1998. 9. LesseyF.La tolйrance: contextes et problйmatiques / Y.C. Zarka, F. Lessay, J.Rogers. Les fondements philosophiques de la tolйrance en France et en Angleterre au XVII siиcle. – T.I.Etudes. – Paris: P. U. F., – 2002. 10. ManentP.La vйritй, peut-кtre / ManentP. // Le Dйbat. – 1992. – N° 72. – P.170-178. 11. Reingard W.Etat et Eglise dans l'Empire entre Rйforme et Absolutisme / W.Reingard // Etat et Eglise dans la genиse de l'Etat moderne. – Madrid: Casa de Velаzquez, – 1986. 12. RicoeurP.Tolйrance, intolйrance, intolйrable / P. Ricoeur // Lectures 1. Autour du politique. – Paris: Seuil, 1991. – P.294-314. 13. ZarkaY.C.Philosophie et politique а l'вge classique / Y.C. Zarka– Paris: P. U. F., 1998. – ISBN 2-7298- 9812-3. ; У процесі «секуляризації» проблеми єдності віри, єдності церкви перетворюються на питання єдності політичної. Втім, задля вироблення позитивного концепту толерантності потрібні культурні зрушення і зміна панівних ідей, а не лише зрушення у сфері політичного. Ці зрушення у західній модерній культурі концентруються довкола проблем співвідношення а) земного і небесного всередині самої релігії та в її стосунках зі світом; б) світської та духовної влад на землі; в) єдності релігії та множинності її проявів. Переосмислення цих співвідношень вже на модерних засадах означає автономізацію релігійних і політичних сфер, утвердження релігійності, що спирається винятково на силу Слова, а не держави. Відкриття нової якості модерної політики стимулює "перевідкриття" релігійних засад: обидва процеси можна спостерігати на прикладі тих "секулярних" і "церковних" теологій, які створюються в Україні на зламі XVII-XVIII століть і які, разом з появою нових теорій і практик поведінки людини у світі, стають визначальними кроками розгортання української модерності. ЛІТЕРАТУРА 1. ЙосипенкоС.Л.Теолого-політична проблема в ранньомодерній духовній культурі. Стаття третя: Толерантність та питання єдності церков / С.Л. Йосипенко // Мультиверсум. – 2006. – Вип.59. – С.112-132. 2. КозелекР.Минуле майбутнє. Про семантику історичного часу / Р. Козелек– К. : Дух і літера, 2005. – 380с. – ISBN 966-7888-94-0. 3. РікерП.Толерантність, нетолерантність, неприйнятне / П. Рікер // Навколо політики. – К. : Дух і літера, 1995. – С. 313–332. – ISBN 966-533-330-5. 4. СоловйовЕ.Толерантність як новоєвропейська універсалія / Е. Соловйов // Політична думка. – 1996. – №3-4. – С.148-171. 5. ХомаО.Модерна спадщина сучасної толерантності / О. Хома // Sententiae. – VI-VII (2-3/2002). – с.208-229. 6. Baubйrot J.Histoire du protestantisme / J. Baubйrot– Paris: P. U. F., 1987 – р.30. – ISBN 0198273460 7. ChampionF.Entre laпcisation et sйcularisation. Des rapports Eglise-Etat dans l'Europe communautaire / F. Champion // Dйbat. – N°77. – 1993. 8. GauchetM.La religion dans la dйmocratie. Parcours de la laпcitй / M. Gauchet– Paris: Gallimard. – 1998. 9. LesseyF.La tolйrance: contextes et problйmatiques / Y.C. Zarka, F. Lessay, J.Rogers. Les fondements philosophiques de la tolйrance en France et en Angleterre au XVII siиcle. – T.I.Etudes. – Paris: P. U. F., – 2002. 10. ManentP.La vйritй, peut-кtre / ManentP. // Le Dйbat. – 1992. – N° 72. – P.170-178. 11. Reingard W.Etat et Eglise dans l'Empire entre Rйforme et Absolutisme / W.Reingard // Etat et Eglise dans la genиse de l'Etat moderne. – Madrid: Casa de Velаzquez, – 1986. 12. RicoeurP.Tolйrance, intolйrance, intolйrable / P. Ricoeur // Lectures 1. Autour du politique. – Paris: Seuil, 1991. – P.294-314. 13. ZarkaY.C.Philosophie et politique а l'вge classique / Y.C. Zarka– Paris: P. U. F., 1998. – ISBN 2-7298- 9812-3.

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is more than a collection of research stations and scientific initiatives. IITA consists of dedicated people who provide technical skills and original ideas to improve the lives of people in sub-Saharan Africa. IITA works in close partnership with a wide range of expert collaborators, including farmers, research and extension staff of national programs, governments, regional organizations, agri-business, private foundations, nongovernmental organizations, advanced research institutions, and a host of others both within and outside Africa. Our cooperative efforts result in the development of innovations which contribute to food security. Such novel technologies include development of integrated pest management options, ways for farmers to access crucial market information, increased nutritional value of food crops, ensuring the economic and environmental sustainability of varied cropping systems or the supply of key information to policy makers. IITA is optimistic that the agricultural sector can go beyond provision of food security to serve as an engine for economic development by creating wealth for farm families, villages, districts, countries, and regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa is a continent rich in natural and human resources. Furthermore, many IITA technologies have contributed to increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural produce across the continent. However, since 1990, while the food available per person has increased in Latin America (+30%) and Asia (+20%), Africa has experienced a 3% decline (InterAcademy Council, 2004). Notwithstanding such alarming statistics, IITA has observed the potential provided by entrepreneurs who are using agricultural commodities to drive a chain resulting in increased profits for men and women from the farm to the consumer. Now is a critical time for sub-Saharan Africa. The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) has shown the commitment of Africa's leaders to "business unusual" across the continent. IITA is both honored and excited by the role that it has been asked to play in NEPAD's pan-African cassava initiative. IITA has also been invited to work with NEPAD on the African Union's Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme, as well as contribute to the important activities of other subregional trade and research organizations. IITA and its collaborators are committed to the UN's Millennium Development Goals, and the significant benefit to poor people which will result. The experience and capacity of IITA permit us to play a determinant role in Africa's ongoing emphasis on agriculture as a driver of economic development. The Research for Development Council is a leadership group (composed of elected scientists and Directors) which aims to ensure that IITA's strategic capability is harmonized to the challenges and opportunities on the horizon. IITA will play an active role to maximize the continent's remarkable agricultural potential in order to catalyze economic development. L'institut international d'agriculture tropicale, l'IITA est plus qu'un rassemblement de stations de recherches et d'initiatives scientifiques. L'IITA se compose de personnes dédiées qui fournissent les compétences techniques et les idées originales pour améliorer le niveau de vie des gens en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'IITA travaille en partenariat avec une grande gamme de collaborateurs experts y compris des cultivateurs, des chercheurs et le personnel de vulgarisation de programmes nationaux, des gouvernements, des agro-entrepreneures, des organisations nongouvernementales, des institutions à recherches avancées et bien d'autres en Afrique et ailleurs. Nos efforts de coopération se traduisent dans le développement des innovations qui contribuent à la sécurité alimentaire. De telles nouvelles technologies incluent le développement des options intégrées pour le contrôle des pestes, les moyens par lesquels les cultivateurs peuvent avoir les renseignements cruciaux à propos du marché, l'amélioration de valeur nutritive des cultures, la durabilité économique et de l'environnement de divers systèmes culturaux, ou la provision des informations clés aux décideurs de politiques. L'IITA est optimiste que le secteur agricole peut non seulement assurer la provision des aliments mais aussi servir comme moteur pour le développement économique à travers la création de richesses pour les familles de cultivateurs, les villages, les arrondissements, les pays et les régions en Afrique sub-saharienne. L'Afrique est un continent riche en ressources naturelles et humaines. De plus, beaucoup de technologies de l'IITA ont contribué à la croissance de la quantité et la qualité des produits agricoles à travers le continent. Pourtant, depuis 1990, alors que la nourriture disponible par personne a augmenté en Amérique latine (+30%) et en Asie (+20%), l'Afrique a connu un déclin de 3% (InterAcademy council, 2004). Malgré ces statistiques alarmantes, l'IITA a remarqué le potentiel de création par les entrepreneurs qui se servent de produits agricoles pour générer une filière qui résulte en profits croissants pour les hommes et les femmes, du producteur au consommateur. Nous traversons une période critique pour l'Afrique subsaharienne. Le Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD) a montré l'engagement des dirigeants africains à une 'affaire inhabituelle' à travers le continent. L'IITA est non seulement honoré mais aussi excité par le rôle qui lui a été demandé de jouer dans l'initiative pan-Africaine du manioc du NEPAD. L'IITA a été aussi invité pour travailler avec le NEPAD en ce qui concerne le Programme détaillé pour le développement de l'agriculture africaine de l'Union africaine, ainsi qu'à contribuer aux activités importantes d'autres organisations sous-régionales de commerce et de recherche. L'IITA et ses collaborateurs sont dévoués aux buts de développement des Nations-Unies pour le millenium, et les bénéfices importants qui en sortiront pour les gens pauvres. L'expérience et la capacité de l'IITA nous permettent de jouer un rôle déterminant dans l'accent que l'Afrique mets actuellement sur l'agriculture en tant que stimulant du développement économique. Le Conseil de la recherche pour le développement est un groupe de direction (composé de scientifiques et administrateurs) qui a comme objectif de s'assurer de la capacité stratégique de l'IITA à s'harmoniser avec les défis et les opportunités qui se pointent à l'horizon. L'IITA continuera de jouer un rôle actif pour maximiser le potentiel agricole remarquable du continent en vue de stimuler le développement économique.

WOS:000468428300001 ; This paper presents the combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at = 7 and 8 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.17 to 5.1 fb(-1) at = 7 TeV and 12.2 to 20.3 fb(-1) at = 8 TeV. These combinations are performed per centre-of-mass energy and for each production mode: t-channel, tW, and s-channel. The combined t-channel cross-sections are 67.5 +/- 5.7 pb and 87.7 +/- 5.8 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. The combined tW cross-sections are 16.3 +/- 4.1 pb and 23.1 +/- 3.6 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. For the s-channel cross-section, the combination yields 4.9 +/- 1.4 pb at = 8 TeV. The square of the magnitude of the CKM matrix element V-tb multiplied by a form factor f(LV) is determined for each production mode and centre-of-mass energy, using the ratio of the measured cross-section to its theoretical prediction. It is assumed that the top-quark-related CKM matrix elements obey the relation |V-td|, |V-ts| « |V-tb|. All the |f(LV)V(tb)|(2) determinations, extracted from individual ratios at = 7 and 8 TeV, are combined, resulting in |f(LV)V(tb)| = 1.02 +/- 0.04 (meas.) +/- 0.02 (theo.). All combined measurements are consistent with their corresponding Standard Model predictions. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; COST, European Union; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programmeEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology CommissionBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z181100004218003]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; Herakleitos programme; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1, ST/N000331/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS and CMS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z181100004218003; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).; In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. In particular, the support from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers is acknowledged gratefully. Major contributors of ATLAS computing resources are listed in ref. [127].

WOS: 000468428300001 ; This paper presents the combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at = 7 and 8 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.17 to 5.1 fb(-1) at = 7 TeV and 12.2 to 20.3 fb(-1) at = 8 TeV. These combinations are performed per centre-of-mass energy and for each production mode: t-channel, tW, and s-channel. The combined t-channel cross-sections are 67.5 +/- 5.7 pb and 87.7 +/- 5.8 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. The combined tW cross-sections are 16.3 +/- 4.1 pb and 23.1 +/- 3.6 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. For the s-channel cross-section, the combination yields 4.9 +/- 1.4 pb at = 8 TeV. The square of the magnitude of the CKM matrix element V-tb multiplied by a form factor f(LV) is determined for each production mode and centre-of-mass energy, using the ratio of the measured cross-section to its theoretical prediction. It is assumed that the top-quark-related CKM matrix elements obey the relation |V-td|, |V-ts| « |V-tb|. All the |f(LV)V(tb)|(2) determinations, extracted from individual ratios at = 7 and 8 TeV, are combined, resulting in |f(LV)V(tb)| = 1.02 +/- 0.04 (meas.) +/- 0.02 (theo.). All combined measurements are consistent with their corresponding Standard Model predictions. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; COST, European Union; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland)Spanish Government; HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (U.S.A.)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (U.S.A.)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programmeEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology CommissionBeijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z181100004218003]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; Herakleitos programme; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC) ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS and CMS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z181100004218003; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).; In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. In particular, the support from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers is acknowledged gratefully. Major contributors of ATLAS computing resources are listed in ref. [127].

Britain's counter-terrorism policies do not work. They do not work for the British people, who wish to live free of terrorism. They do not work for the various communities in the UK whose experience of counter-terrorism has been one of stigmatisation and criminalisation. And they do not work for the people of the Middle East, South Asia and Africa, whose human rights have been systematically violated in the War on Terror. Just over two decades ago, the Irish and UK governments signed the Good Friday Agreement, the culmination of a negotiated peace process involving Republican and Loyalist armed groups in Northern Ireland. Principles of human rights, community consent and peace were key to achieving a dramatic reduction in lives lost to political violence. Indeed, by that measure, the Good Friday Agreement was the most successful instrument of counter-terrorism policy-making in recent history. But the lessons of this success were not registered. The year after the Agreement was signed, Tony Blair's government introduced the first of the fifteen new Terrorism Acts that have been passed since then in what has become a near-annual parliamentary ritual. Each Act ratcheted up the powers available to the police and intelligence agencies, creating a shadow criminal justice system in which legal principles applicable in other spheres were dispensed with. Alongside this legislative agenda, norms shifted in other ways: the use of surveillance and propaganda was expanded and deepened; military force and extra-judicial killing as counter-terrorist methods became routine; and complicity with torturers was normalised. Intelligence agencies, police forces and the military doubled or tripled their counter-terrorism budgets and held onto this funding even as other sectors were ravaged by austerity measures. The logic of counter-terrorism was spread into every sphere of public life in Britain as workers across government services were expected to become the eyes and ears of national security surveillance. The definition of the threat was itself transformed: no longer simply a matter of individual acts of violence but a much broader danger, understood in terms of clashes of culture, ideology and values, and informed by the Islamophobic principle that Muslim political organisation and dissent should be cast as forms of extremism. Concerns for human rights, for avoiding the stigmatising and criminalising of communities, or for basing policy on clear statements of goals and evidence of effectiveness were ignored. The number of civilian lives lost in ostenisbly fighting "jihadist" terrorism were many times greater than those that have ever been lost or could have been lost due to "jihadist" terrorism itself. Even on the narrowest measure of success – the reduction of terrorism – the record of UK counter- terrorism over the last twenty years is a poor one. The relentless expansion and proliferation of this War on Terror apparatus was underpinned by a consensus across the political class from the late 1990s. Central to that consensus were the claims that the UK faced an exceptional threat from "jihadist" terrorism, that this threat was the expression of an ideological rejection of British values among a generation of young Muslims and that, in response, the normal principles of domestic and international law should be suspended. Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's Chatham House speech on the War on Terror in the 2017 general election campaign was the first sign of a crack in that consensus. In the days after the killing of twenty-two concert-goers at the Manchester Arena, Corbyn argued that "the war on terror is simply not working" and opinion polls suggested a majority agreed.1 This report offers an account of the failures of current counter-terrorism policies, an analysis of the reasons why they do not work and an outline of a progressive alternative that we hope will be the basis for a future Labour government's approach. We recognise the difficulty and complexity of the issue of terrorism and the various barriers that stand in the way of a different approach. But we believe the time is right to critically assess the legacy of the last twenty years and change course. At the heart of our argument is a question of democracy. Counter-terrorism policy-making has failed because its development is unmoored from any substantial process of democratic accountability. Instead, the aims and means of current counter-terrorism policy have been set by a security establishment according to its own interests and values. This security establishment has not sought to provide a consistent and precise definition of terrorism or to seek to counter terrorism in an evidence-based way, based on academic studies of how terrorism comes into existence. It has not sought to ground security policy in the actual problems of political violence that communities in the UK face. And it has repeatedly placed loyalty to elite interests above the need to uphold human rights, especially with respect to Muslim populations, both within the UK and abroad. The Labour Party has a particular responsibility to address the harms resulting from counter- terrorism as it was the Labour government led by Tony Blair that incorporated the War on Terror into British policy-making and his successor Gordon Brown who continued and extended the paradigm. Labour's 2017 manifesto already contained policies that align with our argument and can be built upon, such as the call to review Prevent, to address civil liberties concerns with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act and to hold public inquiries on past injustices. However, counter-terrorism policy has been one of the least discussed topics within the Labour Party, despite its deep impact on the lives of the over two million Muslims in the UK. We hope this report will help to initiate a more vigorous discussion. Clearly, any left-wing Labour government will be attacked by its opponents as weak on national security. The temptation will be to not rock the boat and allow counter-terrorism policy to remain unchanged, the better to secure political victories in the core economic policy areas Labour Party supporters are more focused on. We believe this would be a mistake. It would mean a Labour government failing to uphold principles of human rights and racial and religious equality. But as a political strategy, it would also likely be counter-productive. Conceding ground on security policy will not minimise the attacks from right-wing media organisations or Conservative politicians; and a Labour government would be left defending itself reactively and inconsistently within a policy framework not of its own choosing. In this way, a failure to develop a progressive approach to security could end up undermining the credibility of a Labour government's broader policy agenda. A better strategy, we believe, is to adopt from the outset a coherent, explicitly stated, progressive policy that can be defended consistently and confidently.

Тарас Шевченко — принципово новий тип письменника в українській літературі й новий тип особистості, громадянина в історії України. Патріотизм Шевченків — дієвий, а загальнолюдське поняття «свобода» Шевченко тлумачив згідно зі своїми людськими ідеалами гордості, мужності, непохитності, вихованими на головних засадах християнської етики й моралі. Тарас Шевченко першим сформулював у художній формі всі принципи й постулати представників українського націоналізму: волелюбність, всеосяжну народність, національну честь і гідність, палкий патріотизм, державницькі прагнення, глибинну християнську релігійність, віру у свій народ, у його світле прийдешнє, сподівання на власні сили, надзвичайну толерантність до інших народів та їх вірувань, солідарність з усіма поневоленими, антиімперську й антишовіністичну позицію, що беруть початки з демократичного, неімперського й нешовіністичного характеру української нації та її історичного досвіду. ; В истории Украины есть немало фигур, достойных всенародного уважения и любви. Т. Шевченко представлял собой не только принципиально новый тип писателя в украинской литературе, но и новый тип личности, гражданина в истории Украины. Патриотизм его — действенный, а общечеловеческое понятие «свобода» он толковал согласно своим человеческим идеалам гордости, мужества, стойкости, воспитанным на главных принципах христианской этики и морали. Поэт первым сформулировал в художественной форме все принципы и постулаты представителей украинского национализма: свободолюбие, всеобъемлющая народность, национальная честь и достоинство, пылкий патриотизм, государственные стремления, глубинная христианская религиозность, вера в свой народ, в его светлое будущее, надежды на собственные силы, чрезвычайная толерантность к другим народам и их верованиям, солидарность со всеми порабощенными, антиимперская и антишовинистическая позиция, что берут начало из демократического, неимперского и нешовинистического характера украинской нации и ее исторического опыта. ; There are many figures in the history of Ukraine, worthy of the holiness and love of the people, but Taras Shevchenko managed to excite and expose the fallen spirit of the Ukrainian nation to the realization of his own dignity at one time. Without the slightest exaggeration, he is — the greatness and glory of Ukraine, the holy martyr for her truth and will, for the revival of her statehood as a «free, new family». Consequently, at the present tragic and critical stage of the development of Ukrainian statehood, in conditions of bloody Russian aggression and dirty Kremlin propaganda, which by intrigue and treachery broke into our lives, the legacy of the Great Kobzar needs special attention, rethinking and perception without all those political, ideological and con «multinational layers, created for several decades by the Soviet literary critics, which, unfortunately, still possess the minds of our many compatriots. This, first of all, concerns the national-patriotic views of Taras Shevchenko, which were the most distorted, falsified. This applies to a concept such as Shevchenko's humanism. Taras Shevchenko was not only a fundamentally new type of writer in Ukrainian literature, but also a new type of personality, a citizen in the history of Ukraine. Shevchenko's patriotism is effective, since he paid for the most expensive — freedom, health, life. The universal concept of «freedom,» Shevchenko interpreted in accordance with his human ideals pride, courage, restraint and disobedience in the face of any despot, brought up on the basic principles of Christian ethics and morals. Therefore, for him, internal freedom — that is, freedom of thought, speech, feeling, conscience — is superior to external freedom, that is, life at will, especially if this life is associated with submissiveness, adaptability, dependence on this powerful world, on wealth, from everything that makes a person his slave. Being the spokesman for people's views on life and work, on the relationship between people, Kobzar constantly addresses both the topic of free work. These paintings of this willful will are a sharp contrast to the cruel reality in which the peasant is a disenfranchised slave («Dream» — «On the bark of wheat sting»). And the very intonations of the Faith, Hope, Love, the wisdom of the native land, the major tone are dominant in many poetry of the artist. However, we will find in the works of Taras Shevchenko and other notes: notes of silent sorrow, soft melancholy, lyricism. Indicative in this regard is the poem «Garden Cherry Kohl Hut». This poetry, like all the immense works of Taras Shevchenko, is immortal as it reveals the problems of the great philosophical theme — «the meaning of human existence on Earth», «human happiness», whose guarantor can be only freedom and justice as the norm of social existence. Thus, the national self-respect, the national idea, the purpose of liberation from autocratic Russian tyranny and the creation of a national Ukrainian state were crystallized. What are they? The national state-building idea in the development of Taras Shevchenko is represented, firstly, by the awareness of the intellectual elite of the future nation, based on its history; second, the definition of typical, persistent features of the spiritual culture (morality, religion, language, folk ethics, etc.), inherent in the people in the form of national traditions and customs; thirdly, comparing its national community with others, which has become important means of selfdetermination. Taras Shevchenko first formally formulated in the artistic form all the principles and postulates of Ukrainian nationalism: his freedom of freedom, a comprehensive nationality, national honor and dignity, passionate patriotism, state aspirations, profound Christian religiosity, faith in his people, his future light, hope for his own strength, extraordinary tolerance to other peoples and their beliefs, solidarity with all enslaved, anti-imperial and anti-chauvinist attitudes based on a democratic, non-imperial and non-chauvinistic character ukrain nation and its historical experience. Particularly, it should be emphasized that Shevchenko's nationalism, as nationalism of the Ukrainian people, is based on Love, and therefore he is essentially human and cordial to his own and others — to all who recognize the right of Ukrainians to free state existence. So, turning to the Poles (poem «Poles»), the poet calls them «friends», «brothers» and calls along with the Ukrainians in the name of Christ to renew our quiet paradise — Ukraine. In the views of Taras Shevchenko, the national idea is filled with universal meaning. His soul sounds like a pain for a man with a degenerate life. Every image of the poor and unlucky (from the burned orphans or the shroud to the spinned mother of Ukraine) always testifies to the blame imposed on the representatives of the authorities who incarnate evil in the social system in the imperial idea. Sin, punishment, wine, and redemption, suffering and purification are all through the moral categories of Shevchenko's poetics, which are also closely related to the moral categories of Christianity. We, grateful to the descendants, have discovered new and new faces for a long time, since, having appeared on light, he embraced all spiritual nature with the spirit of others and existed.

В период господства Золотой Орды регионы и разнородное население Центральной Азии были впервые интегрированы в единую политическую целостность. Как и большинство империй, Золотая Орда охватывала разнородные культуры. Она стала пристанищем различных религиозных общин, которые не только сосуществовали, но и работали и торговали друг с другом, что привело к беспрецедентной интенсификации взаимных обменов, особенно в Поволжье в ее центральном районе. Золотая Орда оказала большое влияние на торговую экспансию середины XIII середины XIV веков, и ее экономическое и политическое правление в высшей степени способствовало глобализации Старого Света. ; During the Golden Horde's dominion, the regions and populations of central Eurasia were integrated for the first time and became politically unified. Like most empires, the Golden Horde was intrinsically cross-cultural. It accommodated diverse religious communities which not only co-habited but also worked and traded together, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the exchanges, especially in the Volga valley, its core area. The Golden Horde had a major impact on the expansion of trade in the 1250s-1350s and its economic and political regime highly contributed to the globalization of the Old World. Historians have revealed that after the Chinggisid conquests, a phenomenal trade boom transformed the human and cultural landscape in Eurasia. The so-called "Fur Road" interconnected with the "Silk Road" at the Lower Volga Basin. Here two major routes were passable: the eastern one through Central Asia towards north India and China, and the western one through the Crimean peninsula towards the Mediterranean world and the Middle East. The Golden Horde served as the stage for this dramatic change. Jöchid khans and begs played a leading role in the new inter-regional order. It was not due to hazard that during this flourishing time, cities and villages burgeoned in the Volga Valley, in the Crimea, as well as in the steppe land corridor from Siberia to Hungary. As nomadic elites converted to Islam, the khan's court became a major hub of the Islamic world. Wandering scholars and craftsmen from Anatolia, Central Asia, Egypt and Syria were welcomed in the ulus of Jöchi. The Golden Horde's regime had deep consequences on the political, economic and cultural map of modern Eurasia. Scholars have shown the unique way in which Islam unified and socially integrated peoples, by shaping community life and collective memory and by combining shamanist practices and local Sufism. The origin stories of the Tatars, and other Central Eurasian communities, extend back to the period when the khans Berke and Uzbek converted to Islam. Many Muslim peoples now living in the Russian Federation see it as a formative period in their history. Indeed, Islamization is one of the Golden Horde's most important legacies. The Golden Horde is part of the common heritage of mankind. It allowed a new sophisticated culture to grow in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, at the hinge of the nomadic and sedentary worlds. The western academic sphere has started only recently to recognize the significance of this phenomenon while, in Russian-speaking academia, scholars have long ago understood the uniqueness of its legacy. It has raised the interest not only of historians but also of archaeologists, art historians and numismatists from the Russian Federation, and especially from Tatarstan. Thanks to their works, to the important questions they raise, and to the results of their researches, the Golden Horde studies is now a field on its own rights. Western academia needs to get better acquainted with this rich scholarship. On the one hand, the historical period of the Golden Horde should integrate history course books in US, in UK, in France and in Europe in general. World history needs to be taught through a non-European lens to get a deeper perspective on our collective past without which we cannot decipher today's globalized world. On another hand, it is also crucial that the current scholarship on the Golden Horde takes into account new historiographical debates and concepts developed by global historians. A 'world' is a category of global history, recently identified by historians as a meaningful notion that goes beyond the narrower notion of empire. Indeed, empires and kingdoms did not exist in isolation, but were dependent of bigger worlds. The challenge of the new global history is to identify these worlds and to understand their mechanisms. The Golden Horde survived the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire; it grew and deeply influenced its surrounding world. This world included the successors states of the Mongol empire in China, Afghanistan, India, Persia and Anatolia as well as Byzantium, Russia, Europe and the Middle East. The density of the connections from the Mediterranean Sea to the Caspian Sea and as far as China illustrates how deeply the ulus of Jöchi was enmeshed with the wider world. Therefore, the history of the Golden Horde should not be disconnected from this world-shaping phenomenon. Nationalist historiographies are inclined to distort history, to create and disseminate self-serving clichés. The first task of historians is to avoid inaccurate terminology such as "the Tatar Yoke", in order to encourage inquiries into more important questions: how to deal with the notion of a collective history when it crosses the borders of modern nations? What then are the role and the legacy of the Golden Horde in world history? The Golden Horde in World History gives some answers to these important questions. It achieves a twofold aim: to bring to a larger academic audience a cutting-edge research that remains barely known outside the circle of specialists and to integrate this research into the broader perspective of world history. It combines diverse approaches and questions not only to offer an exhaustive picture of the state of the field, but also to herald the most profitable directions of research and the most fruitful advances made. This comprehensive new synthesis is the result of the collaboration of leading scholars coming from major academic institutions: Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian History of Russian Academy of Sciences and Oxford University. I wish to address my deepest thanks to those who turned a bold editorial project into this impressively compelling collective book: Rafael Khakimov, Ilnur Mirgaleev, Roman Hautala, Vadim Trepavlov. Thanks to the fantastic energy of our colleagues from the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences and its M.A.Usmanov Centre for the Golden Horde studies, Kazan proved to be and remains a wonderful venue for historians, archaeologists and numismatists working on the Golden Horde and ready to confront their views. The understanding of the Golden Horde world, at the crossroad of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, requires such a dialogue between researchers who have different expertise. International collective publications are crucial to expanding and furthering complex fields of research, and writing history is a collective undertaking that can benefit immensely from institutional collaboration all the more so when it crosses borders. This international book will be the first to offer the readership the research outcome of the best experts in the field of the Golden Horde studies and to make the avant-garde concepts of the new global history accessible.

This article reviews new aspects of the interplay between fashion and advertising, says that advertising messages through text-description shows image of the advertised product, with marking does not have to link with the signified. The basic expression fashion trends are in advertising.At XXI century advertising is always looking for new forms of expression, it involves in their communicative space of various art trends, cultural studies and public opinion. One of its main sources is a formative fashion.Transformed from a simple craft into a developed industry, fashion is becoming popular and constantly debated phenomenon. An increasing of its value and relevance to modern society, it sets the necessary impression creates the desired image for a particular person or goods. Fashion simultaneously combines the stability of tradition and innovative tricks, such as creativity and commercial benefits. We can state that thanked to advertising and marketing professional, more people follow fashion trends and become "fashion victims".Despite the fact that there are a large number of works on the history of fashion, art and outstanding designers create clothes, marketing in the fashion industry and "fashion philosophy", some questions still left unattended researchers, in particular the problem of interaction of advertising and fashion in terms of post and post-post-culturewhich, in our opinion, needs detailed study.First of all it is worth to mention the work of F. Kotler "Principles of Marketing", which theoretically grounded relationship marketing in the traditional sense of the term, with the global fashion industry. In the theoretical work of T. Hines and M. Bruce "Fashion Marketing" describes the basic techniques of marketing in contemporary fashion, given the statistics. In this work analyzes the activity of representatives of fashion secrets revealed professional artists. Another theoretical work that reveals the direct sphere of modern fashion is a "Fashion world" of French journalist M. Tunheym, which is an actual example of fashion masterpieces.Particular note is the work of French semiotics, the philosopher R. Barthes "fashion system" in which theoretical stresses that modern fashion is the opposition of three systems: "clothes-image (photo or drawing that have only limited symbolic), 2) Clothing-description (text, commenting that image) and 3) real clothing" [1, 9]. The first and third system, by R. Barth, mostly exhausted its denotative message transmission or manual visual image for practical action, while ьsystem-describing saturated clothing connotations; it is located "between things and words". We cannot agree with the theoretical relative that description connects fashion with the outside world, but at the same time and tendentiously distorting the world.A similar opinion was expressed by the modern Swedish researcher L. Svendsen in the "fashion philosophy". The author considers fashion as a phenomenon that, on the one hand, promotes the aesthetic of human life, on the other; affect the identity of the human population, backgrounds. French sociologist and philosopher J. Baudriyar continues the idea R. Barth, and draws attention to the social side of the phenomenon of fashion. For him, in the centres of interest are human simulacra-world signs that are manifested in various spheres of culture – art, fashion, media, technology, sexual relations and others.As noted in our advertising time, as the description text, shapes the fashion, it can transmit not only information about products and services, but also on public opinion in general or the political preferences of the masses. In modern fashion the rules permissible limits and canons of beauty disappear. It is filled with stylistic eclecticism, with all possible variations and combinations simulacra. The most common fashion borders on art, using the principal components of the artistic image – cognitive, regulatory and communicative. Combining data elements, it creates a new dialogue between the thing and its customer, which is dominated by the same thing.To better promote products, specialists in public relations, PR managers developed "special" story of collection that told what had fascinated the designer during creating this collection, inspired and motivated him. This myth has a certain character and it can be both too romantic and compassionate-dramatic. Always available a certain mystery in the message you are composing. Press releases (summary of concepts) often served with a touch of a charitable cause. In some cases, even a fashion filled with mystical meaning, appeal to the "sublime Gothic". This trend can be seen in the collections of local designers, for example, in the same collection Valerie Kovalska called "13".Thus, the hallmark of fashion is its pragmatic direction. The main income is presented as such especially for promotion of a product created by the so-called seasonal "must-have" objects of desire, trends, the hit lists of the month. A limited collection created an illusory uniqueness. Permanent imposing certain image cannot remain indifferent consumer and sooner or later he/she still remembered the advertised product. We introduce a special system of discounts and bonuses which are not always true, for example, the price of the thing to the "sale" and after remain unchanged.The use of a large number of different prints, dominated by vivid images, deep colors with complex graphics are popular. As a starting point "lucky number" are the first letter of proper names or "sacred mantras", which will certainly bring happiness and prosperity. Apply all known kitsch images:, ironic, romantic images of fairy tales (imagine myself Oriental Beauty); optical illusion that the buyer is transferred into the mysterious world of fantasy; surreal prints that are associated with S. Dali masterpieces; drawings and abstract floral patterns, graphic lines and geometric shapes, all of these things come to mind. Nothing can stop contemporary designers to bring their collections.Thus, we can state that the fashion continuously marked clothing and a world. Advertising creates fashion, it predicts the desired information about a product and imposes other people's opinions and preferences. Advertisingcombines the perception of reality and creates its reality by itself. The public mood is formed by the artificial icons. It sets the style which all people must wish. Even if in imitation of a designed image difficulties appear (such as lack of money or social status)but due to the advertising (description text)a consumer still wants to to become the owner of the advertised product. ; В статье рассматриваются современные аспекты взаимодействия моды и рекламы. Отмечается, что в рекламных сообщениях благодаря описанию-тексту эксплицируется образ рекламированного товара, при этом означающее не обязательно имеет связь с означаемым. Наводятся основные проявления модных тенденций в рекламе. ; У статті розглядаються сучасні аспекти взаємодії моди та реклами. Зазначається, що в рекламних повідомленнях завдяки опису-тексту експліціюється образ рекламованого товару, при цьому позначаюче не обов'язково має зв'язок з означуваним. Наводяться основні прояви модних тенденцій у рекламі.

International audience ; Self-medication: how the local context influences the practitioner's perceptions and practices The French public authorities encourage the population to resort to self-medication to control health expenditure. Since risk may occur from this practice, general practitioners and pharmacists have been appointed to be the "guarantors" of a safe use for self-medication. Self-care behaviours, implying the consumption of medication without consultation, put the practitioner in an antagonistic situation between the patients' will to be self-reliant in care use on the one hand, and the frame imposed by the public authorities on the other. This demands of the professionals that they adopt for themselves a position on such self-care practices in which they are excluded by the patient. This study aims at understanding the influence of the geographical environment on the professionals' position and behaviour in relation to self-medication examined through the method of contextual speech. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 30 practitioners and 19 pharmacists from the Nantes and Saint-Nazaire areas based on questions defined by sociologists, doctors and geographers. The results of this study suggest that spatial data are salient to analyzing health professionals' behaviour in relation to this concern of patient's self-medication. The interviews aimed at determining the professionals' perceptions with respect tothe self-medication of their patients in terms of whether they have encouraged or on the contrary, attempted to prevent these behaviours through arguments in favour of the public policies promoting self-medication. The questions deal with the professionals' career, the socio-economic characteristics of the patients and the motivations for their choice of place of work so as to link practices and behaviours with places.The simultaneousstudy of two different urban areas enables the analysis to distinguish the effects of context from geographical invariants. The main case study was Saint Nazaire with the case of Nantes used as a mirror to enable the identification of similarities or differences. Both case studies rely on a spatial analysis of data issued of the same program: the ANR Auto-med. The choice of Saint Nazaire as the main case study is based on two observations. First, the patients' rate of self-medication declared in a survey conducted within the ANR Auto-med program appears to be lower in Saint Nazaire than that of the regional area. Secondly, an investigation of a panel of medical consultations on the frequency of self-medication mentioned by the doctor or the patient again indicates that the area of Saint Nazaire is below the average (tab.1). Local socio-economic conditions, culture and history influence the practices of the health professionals. The socio-economic status of the patients influences the attitude to them of the doctors, for example, in terms of their medical costs. The professionals located in the most deprived districts underline the inequalities in health generated by the de-listing of drugs known as "of comfort" from those whose costs will be reimbursed to the patient. In this context, the pharmacists seem to offer advice according to their customers' supposed purchasing power. The health professionals located in a district concentrating a large number of poor workers express a certain concern with respect to the inequality of access to care. In this case, self-medication is an essential part of health-care behaviour because even if people provide a prescription, they are not necessarily reimbursed for certain kinds of drugs. The medical and social history of the Saint-Nazaire area has shaped the relations between patients and doctors such that a distinct community of professional practice has appeared in this area. This community is defined by a global approach towards the patient's health, a broader concern with self-medication, and a significant emphasis given to listening and discussion during the consultations. Thus, the advice on drugs is simply part of the global relations between the patient and the GP or the pharmacist whereas in the mirror area of Nantes, this advice is delivered more as a recommendation of good practice from the "expert" to the non-expert. Interviews with pharmacists in Nantes suggest that self-medication offers a therapeutic alternative in response to a lack of listening that is prevalent among the doctors of the area. The doctors are influenced in their practices by perceived local beliefs about health. If the doctors are also native to their place of work and have always been embedded in such sets of beliefs, they are more tolerant than their fellow-doctors towards these beliefs and indeed will sometimes accept being guided by their patients when writing the prescription (although sometimes they may just add a placebo to seem to concur with the patient). The patients' resort to self-medication is neither perceived nor accompanied in a homogeneous way from one city to another or from one district to another. In the area of Saint Nazaire, medical and social interventions have been anchored for a long time in a political and social tradition of solidarity, networking and proximity with a population weakened by the roughness and the liability of working conditions. Consequently, this situation strengthens even further the relationship between doctor and patient having thus a strong influence on self-medication. These results suggest the importance of taking into account the territorial context in the analysis of the health professionals' behaviours opening new opportunities for studying self-medication. Tab 1. Self-medication mentioned during consultations in various areas of the region Pays de la Loire (France) Area% of answers mentioned by the patientp% of questions by the Professionalp% of appearance in the prescriptionpSaint-Nazaire-Estuaire53,4066,5<0,00170,6<0,001Nantes47,10,254,80,2260,00,1Nord 4443,80,344,60,1947,20,29Nantes Agglomération39,70,245,70,1349,90,46Les Mauges41,90,543,00,2154,80,25Littoral36,00,155,70,0736,3<0,001La Roche sur Yon42,50,439,70,0346,00,22Sud Vendée38,20,340,90,1145,50,26 ; Les pouvoirs publics français, dans un souci de maîtrise des dépenses de santé, encouragent le recours à l'automédication de la population. Les comportements d'auto-soin, qui consistent à consommer de sa propre initiative un médicament sans consulter un médecin, placent ce dernier au coeur d'un antagonisme, la volonté d'autonomie des usagers confronté à celle d'encadrement des pouvoirs publics et l'obligent à se positionner face à des pratiques dont par essence il est exclu par le patient. Cette étude cherche à comprendre, par la méthode de contextualisation des discours, l'influence du milieu géographique dans les positionnements et comportements des praticiens vis à vis de l'automédication. Elle.a été réalisée à partir d'entretiens semi-directifs, selon des grilles élaborées conjointement avec des sociologues, des médecins et des géographes, auprès de 30 médecins généralistes et 19 pharmaciens des agglomérations nazairienne et nantaise. Les résultats de ce travail suggèrent l'importance de la prise en compte des données territoriales entourant soignant et soigné dans l'analyse des comportements des professionnels de santé et dans de nouvelles perspectives d'approche du recours à l'automédication.

International audience ; Self-medication: how the local context influences the practitioner's perceptions and practices The French public authorities encourage the population to resort to self-medication to control health expenditure. Since risk may occur from this practice, general practitioners and pharmacists have been appointed to be the "guarantors" of a safe use for self-medication. Self-care behaviours, implying the consumption of medication without consultation, put the practitioner in an antagonistic situation between the patients' will to be self-reliant in care use on the one hand, and the frame imposed by the public authorities on the other. This demands of the professionals that they adopt for themselves a position on such self-care practices in which they are excluded by the patient. This study aims at understanding the influence of the geographical environment on the professionals' position and behaviour in relation to self-medication examined through the method of contextual speech. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 30 practitioners and 19 pharmacists from the Nantes and Saint-Nazaire areas based on questions defined by sociologists, doctors and geographers. The results of this study suggest that spatial data are salient to analyzing health professionals' behaviour in relation to this concern of patient's self-medication. The interviews aimed at determining the professionals' perceptions with respect tothe self-medication of their patients in terms of whether they have encouraged or on the contrary, attempted to prevent these behaviours through arguments in favour of the public policies promoting self-medication. The questions deal with the professionals' career, the socio-economic characteristics of the patients and the motivations for their choice of place of work so as to link practices and behaviours with places.The simultaneousstudy of two different urban areas enables the analysis to distinguish the effects of context from geographical invariants. The main case study was Saint Nazaire with the case of Nantes used as a mirror to enable the identification of similarities or differences. Both case studies rely on a spatial analysis of data issued of the same program: the ANR Auto-med. The choice of Saint Nazaire as the main case study is based on two observations. First, the patients' rate of self-medication declared in a survey conducted within the ANR Auto-med program appears to be lower in Saint Nazaire than that of the regional area. Secondly, an investigation of a panel of medical consultations on the frequency of self-medication mentioned by the doctor or the patient again indicates that the area of Saint Nazaire is below the average (tab.1). Local socio-economic conditions, culture and history influence the practices of the health professionals. The socio-economic status of the patients influences the attitude to them of the doctors, for example, in terms of their medical costs. The professionals located in the most deprived districts underline the inequalities in health generated by the de-listing of drugs known as "of comfort" from those whose costs will be reimbursed to the patient. In this context, the pharmacists seem to offer advice according to their customers' supposed purchasing power. The health professionals located in a district concentrating a large number of poor workers express a certain concern with respect to the inequality of access to care. In this case, self-medication is an essential part of health-care behaviour because even if people provide a prescription, they are not necessarily reimbursed for certain kinds of drugs. The medical and social history of the Saint-Nazaire area has shaped the relations between patients and doctors such that a distinct community of professional practice has appeared in this area. This community is defined by a global approach towards the patient's health, a broader concern with self-medication, and a significant emphasis given to listening and discussion during the consultations. Thus, the advice on drugs is simply part of the global relations between the patient and the GP or the pharmacist whereas in the mirror area of Nantes, this advice is delivered more as a recommendation of good practice from the "expert" to the non-expert. Interviews with pharmacists in Nantes suggest that self-medication offers a therapeutic alternative in response to a lack of listening that is prevalent among the doctors of the area. The doctors are influenced in their practices by perceived local beliefs about health. If the doctors are also native to their place of work and have always been embedded in such sets of beliefs, they are more tolerant than their fellow-doctors towards these beliefs and indeed will sometimes accept being guided by their patients when writing the prescription (although sometimes they may just add a placebo to seem to concur with the patient). The patients' resort to self-medication is neither perceived nor accompanied in a homogeneous way from one city to another or from one district to another. In the area of Saint Nazaire, medical and social interventions have been anchored for a long time in a political and social tradition of solidarity, networking and proximity with a population weakened by the roughness and the liability of working conditions. Consequently, this situation strengthens even further the relationship between doctor and patient having thus a strong influence on self-medication. These results suggest the importance of taking into account the territorial context in the analysis of the health professionals' behaviours opening new opportunities for studying self-medication. Tab 1. Self-medication mentioned during consultations in various areas of the region Pays de la Loire (France) Area% of answers mentioned by the patientp% of questions by the Professionalp% of appearance in the prescriptionpSaint-Nazaire-Estuaire53,4066,5<0,00170,6<0,001Nantes47,10,254,80,2260,00,1Nord 4443,80,344,60,1947,20,29Nantes Agglomération39,70,245,70,1349,90,46Les Mauges41,90,543,00,2154,80,25Littoral36,00,155,70,0736,3<0,001La Roche sur Yon42,50,439,70,0346,00,22Sud Vendée38,20,340,90,1145,50,26 ; Les pouvoirs publics français, dans un souci de maîtrise des dépenses de santé, encouragent le recours à l'automédication de la population. Les comportements d'auto-soin, qui consistent à consommer de sa propre initiative un médicament sans consulter un médecin, placent ce dernier au coeur d'un antagonisme, la volonté d'autonomie des usagers confronté à celle d'encadrement des pouvoirs publics et l'obligent à se positionner face à des pratiques dont par essence il est exclu par le patient. Cette étude cherche à comprendre, par la méthode de contextualisation des discours, l'influence du milieu géographique dans les positionnements et comportements des praticiens vis à vis de l'automédication. Elle.a été réalisée à partir d'entretiens semi-directifs, selon des grilles élaborées conjointement avec des sociologues, des médecins et des géographes, auprès de 30 médecins généralistes et 19 pharmaciens des agglomérations nazairienne et nantaise. Les résultats de ce travail suggèrent l'importance de la prise en compte des données territoriales entourant soignant et soigné dans l'analyse des comportements des professionnels de santé et dans de nouvelles perspectives d'approche du recours à l'automédication.

Demokratik yönetim sisteminde, kuvvetler ayrılığı teorisi gereği, yönetim yetkilen yasama, yürütme ve yargı arasında paylaştırılmaktadır. Ancak parlamenter yönetim sisteminde yürütme yasamadan çıktığından yasamaya karşı sorumlu konumdadır ve bu nedenle yasama ve yargı organları tarafından denetlenmektedir. Fiili uygulamada ise yasama yürütmeyi denetlemede yetersiz kalmaktadır. Çünkü yürütmenin başı olan başbakan, mecliste çoğunluğu oluşturan parti veya partilerin lideri konumundadır. Dolayısıyla Montesquieu'nün kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkesinde öngörülen denetim, sadece meclisteki muhalefet partisi veya partileri tarafından yerine getirilebilmektedir. Muhalefetin mecliste azınlıkta olması, meclis denetimini zayıflatmaktadır. Çalışma bu nedenle muhalefete önem atfederek muhalefetin tanımını, sistem içinde oynadığı rolü ve muhalefetçe oluşturulan Gölge Kabine 'nin önemini analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, parlamenter yönetim sisteminde, hükümetin denetlenebilmesi için muhalefetin Gölge Kabine oluşturarak düzenli ve sürekli muhalefet etmesini önermektedir. Çalışma bu kapsamda muhalefetin tanımını, muhalefet etme yöntemlerini ve kapsamlı bir muhalefet örgütlenmesini irdelemektedir. Etkin denetim için muhalefetin "rekabetçi ve işbirliğine dayanan"politikalar uygulaması gerekmektedir. Muhalefetin "rekabetçi ve işbirliğine dayanan " politikalarla iktidara ciddi bir alternatif olduğunu ispatlaması gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda, muhalefet bir taraftan hükümeti yapıcı politikalarla uyararak iktidar partisine oy vermiş seçmenlerin beğenisi alınmalı, diğer taraftan toplumsal sorunlara alternatif çözümler üreterek iktidara hazır olduğunu gösterilmelidir. ; The Power in the Parliamentary System of Government, which is a type of democratic system of government, is divided between legislation, execution and jurisdiction. Since execution is formed out of legislation in the Parliamentary System of Government, it is liable to the legislation and as a result it is checked by legislative and juridical institutions. But, in application, it can be set forth that the legislation is not competent enough to check the execution. One of the indications of incompetence is the fact that the Prime Minister is selected by the party or parties which have the majority of members in the parliament. Consequently, the mission of inspection which Montesquieu put forward in the principle of division of powers can only be fulfilled by the opposition party or parties in the parliament. But, since the opposition constitutes only the minority of the parliament, the legislative inspection gets weaker. This study analyzes the definition of the opposition by attributing emphasis on it, the role that it plays in the Parliamentary System of Government, the importance of the Shadow Cabinet in the context of opposing and methods that can be applied for inspection of the execution. The opposition should be formed as Shadow Cabinet in the Parliamentary System of Government in order that the execution can be inspected effectively. For this reason, this study explicates the definition of the opposition, the methods of opposing, and a comprehensive opposition organization. In addition, it is pointed out thai the opposition can inspect the Power and the ruling party through the Shadow Cabinet. After the parliamentary elections and the lines of parties in the parliament become clear, as a requirement of Parliamentary System of Government, while the ruling party or parties are forced to work with the Power, the opposition party or parties form the opposition front against the Power, the ruling party or parties in the parliament and their applications. The opposition party should form the Shadow Cabinet in order to inspect and obserye the cabinet more effectively. The inspection and control of the Power by the opposition in the democratic system of government is of great importance in tenns of stability of the political regime and even the guarantees the regime to be democratic. While shaping its policies, the opposition should comply with the secular and democratic rules of the game. After all, the constitutional spirit gives the Power and the opposition the mission of representing the public best in the pluralist democratic system of government and enables them to compete with each other within the democratic game rules. For his reason, an effective inspection and check of the Power by the opposition makes the cabinet stick to laws and minimizes the misuses in the administration. "Competitive and cooperative" policies should be applied in the opposing methods. Tlie concept of only "Strict competitive" or "Over compromising cooperative" opposition doesn't bring positive results. Furthermore, the opposition's "Strict competitive" or "Over compromising cooperative" policies are not encouraged by the public. For this reason, the opposition should prove that it is a serious alternative to the Power with its "competitive and cooperative "policies. In this context, the opposition should warn the Power with constructive policies, receive the appreciation of the people who voted for the ruling party and show that it is ready to be Power-by producing alternative solutions to the social problems. The opposition should try to have an image of a party having a high comprising culture by tolerating the suggestions made by the Power or at least by not rejecting them. The opposition should avoid having an intransigent party image. It should include the needs of the majority of voters in the party program and should develop policies in accordance with them. In addition to offering a successful opposition, experienced staff should be brought up. The opposition will only be able to convincingly show that it is ready to undertake execution and it is an alternative to the Power by training such staff For his reason, after the defeat in the election, the party which becomes the opposition should restructure itself with an emergency assembly and should not insist on the leaders who weren't selected by the public. As a result, the intra-party debates will be resolved sooner without harming the party and the party mil set off with its new leaders confidently. The party should be made to reach new masses in the context of restructuring, the policies constructed should be directed to inspect and check the Power and they should focus on winning the forthcoming election. For this reason, the opposition will need a professional team which will make its program and policies effective. This team is called "Shadow Cabinet" in the British Parliamentary System of Government. The missions of the members of the Shadow Cabinet will be equivalent to those of existing cabinet. The ministers of the Shadow Cabinet will check the actions and applications of the ministers of the actual cabinet and have an inspection over them and will criticize them when needed. Accordingly, the number of the members in the Shadow Cabinet is equal to that of actual cabinet. In addition, the members selected for the Shadow Cabinet should be skillful, they should be let to work actively till the end of the opposition period and with the experience they gain, they should be appointed as ministers of an actual cabinet upon a victory in the elections. As a result, the program of the Shadow Cabinet or the opposition party should alternate to the applications of the ruling party and it should convince the social base. The primary missions of the oppositions are shortly checking and inspecting the Power, trying to affect and direct the Power, developing relations with great masses of the society, overcoming deficiencies in the party program through the experiences gained, getting ready for the elections and getting ready to undertake execution in case of crisis.