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We study mutual-aid games in which individuals choose to contribute to an informal mutual insurance pool. Individual coverage is determined by the aggregate level of contributions and a sharing rule. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the (ex ante) efficiency of equal and contribution-based coverage. The equal coverage mechanism leads to a unique no-insurance equilibrium while contribution-based coverage develops multiple equilibria and improves efficiency. Experimentally, the latter treatment reduces the amount of transfers from high contributors to low contributors and generates a "dual interior equilibrium". That dual equilibrium is consistent with the coexistence of different prior norms which correspond to notable equilibria derived in the theory. This results in asymmetric outcomes with a majority of high contributors less than fully reimbursing the global losses and a signi cant minority of low contributors less than fully defecting. Such behavioral heterogeneity may be attributed to risk attitudes (risk tolerance vs risk aversion) which is natural in a risky context.

We study mutual-aid games in which individuals choose to contribute to an informal mutual insurance pool. Individual coverage is determined by the aggregate level of contributions and a sharing rule. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the (ex ante) efficiency of equal and contribution-based coverage. The equal coverage mechanism leads to a unique no-insurance equilibrium while contribution-based coverage develops multiple equilibria and improves efficiency. Experimentally, the latter treatment reduces the amount of transfers from high contributors to low contributors and generates a "dual interior equilibrium". That dual equilibrium is consistent with the coexistence of different prior norms which correspond to notable equilibria derived in the theory. This results in asymmetric outcomes with a majority of high contributors less than fully reimbursing the global losses and a signi cant minority of low contributors less than fully defecting. Such behavioral heterogeneity may be attributed to risk attitudes (risk tolerance vs risk aversion) which is natural in a risky context.

We study mutual-aid games in which individuals choose to contribute to an informal mutual insurance pool. Individual coverage is determined by the aggregate level of contributions and a sharing rule. We analyze theoretically and experimentally the (ex ante) efficiency of equal and contribution-based coverage. The equal coverage mechanism leads to a unique no-insurance equilibrium while contribution-based coverage develops multiple equilibria and improves efficiency. Experimentally, the latter treatment reduces the amount of transfers from high contributors to low contributors and generates a "dual interior equilibrium". That dual equilibrium is consistent with the coexistence of different prior norms which correspond to notable equilibria derived in the theory. This results in asymmetric outcomes with a majority of high contributors less than fully reimbursing the global losses and a signi cant minority of low contributors less than fully defecting. Such behavioral heterogeneity may be attributed to risk attitudes (risk tolerance vs risk aversion) which is natural in a risky context.

International audience ; When the Chinese government celebrated with great pomp the 30th anniversary of the launch of economic reforms in December 2008, the period from 4 June 1989 to the XIV Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in October 1992 was passed completely silent. Chinese media, and more importantly, the economic analysis from Chinese academics have introduced economic reforms as a quiet "long river". Yet the reality is far removed from this linear presentation, non-confrontational and teleological. The political crisis following the student movement of spring 1989 and the collapse of the USSR, had a profound impact on the path of economic reforms and structuring of Chinese capitalism. Certainly, a number of adjustment measures in the reforms that were put in place after June 4, 1989, would certainly due to be adopted even if the camp of the reformers had won. However, other choices could have been favored by Chinese leaders. The analysis of the impact of this period on the decisions taken by the economy of reform in leadership appears crucial to understanding the current face of Chinese capitalism. We believe that the impact was felt mainly in four areas that we discuss in this chapter and which constituted a large part of the economic system reform program endorsed at the 14th CPC National Congress in the fall of 1992. ; Lorsque le gouvernement chinois a fêté en grande pompe le 30 ème anniversaire du lancement des réformes économiques en décembre 2008, la période qui s'étend du 4 juin 1989 au XIV ème Congrès du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) en octobre 1992 a été passée totalement sous silence. Les médias chinois, et plus grave encore, les analyses économiques issues des milieux académiques chinois ont présenté les réformes économiques comme un « long fleuve » tranquille. La réalité est pourtant bien éloignée de cette présentation linéaire, non conflictuelle et téléologique. La crise politique issue du mouvement étudiant du printemps 1989 et l'effondrement de l'URSS, ont eu un impact profond ...

International audience ; When the Chinese government celebrated with great pomp the 30th anniversary of the launch of economic reforms in December 2008, the period from 4 June 1989 to the XIV Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in October 1992 was passed completely silent. Chinese media, and more importantly, the economic analysis from Chinese academics have introduced economic reforms as a quiet "long river". Yet the reality is far removed from this linear presentation, non-confrontational and teleological. The political crisis following the student movement of spring 1989 and the collapse of the USSR, had a profound impact on the path of economic reforms and structuring of Chinese capitalism. Certainly, a number of adjustment measures in the reforms that were put in place after June 4, 1989, would certainly due to be adopted even if the camp of the reformers had won. However, other choices could have been favored by Chinese leaders. The analysis of the impact of this period on the decisions taken by the economy of reform in leadership appears crucial to understanding the current face of Chinese capitalism. We believe that the impact was felt mainly in four areas that we discuss in this chapter and which constituted a large part of the economic system reform program endorsed at the 14th CPC National Congress in the fall of 1992. ; Lorsque le gouvernement chinois a fêté en grande pompe le 30 ème anniversaire du lancement des réformes économiques en décembre 2008, la période qui s'étend du 4 juin 1989 au XIV ème Congrès du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) en octobre 1992 a été passée totalement sous silence. Les médias chinois, et plus grave encore, les analyses économiques issues des milieux académiques chinois ont présenté les réformes économiques comme un « long fleuve » tranquille. La réalité est pourtant bien éloignée de cette présentation linéaire, non conflictuelle et téléologique. La crise politique issue du mouvement étudiant du printemps 1989 et l'effondrement de l'URSS, ont eu un impact profond sur la trajectoire des réformes économiques et la structuration du capitalisme chinois. Certes, un certain nombre de mesures d'ajustement dans les réformes qui ont été mises en place après le 4 juin 1989, auraient certainement dues être adoptées même si le camp des réformateurs l'avait emporté. Pour autant, d'autres choix auraient pu être privilégiés par les dirigeants chinois. L'impact s'est fait sentir principalement dans quatre domaines que nous analysons dans ce chapitre et qui ont constitué une grande partie du programme de réforme du système économique entériné au moment du 14 ème Congrès du PCC à l'automne 1992.

According to the seminal Cost Recovery Theorem the revenues from congestion tolls pay for the capacity costs of an optimal-sized facility if capacity is perfectly divisible, and if user costs and capacity costs have constant scale economies. This paper extends the Theorem to long-run uncertainty about investment costs, user costs, and demand. It proves that if constant scale economies hold at all times and in all states, and if the toll can be varied freely over time and by state, then expected discounted toll revenues cover expected discounted investment costs over a facility's lifetime. If the marginal cost of investment is constant and investment is reversible, then expected cost recovery is also achieved for each investment. Cost recovery is quite sensitive to estimated initial demand, and moderately sensitive to the estimated growth rate of demand. Natural variability in demand can result in substantial surpluses or deficits over a facility's lifetime.

"Die aktuelle internationale Forschung zum Übergang von jungen Menschen aus den stationären Erziehungshilfen ins Erwachsenenleben zeigt, dass diese sogenannten Careleavers in vielerlei Hinsicht gegenüber ihren gleichaltrigen Peers benachteiligt sind. Insbesondere können sie, um diesen Übergang zu bewältigen, auf vergleichsweise wenige Unterstützungsressourcen zurückgreifen. Der Übergang ins Erwachsenenleben ist in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland zwar vielfach untersucht und die Entstehung einer Lebensphase des jungen Erwachsenenalters mit seinen vielfältigen und komplexen Herausforderungen beschrieben worden. Es fehlen jedoch bislang entsprechende Studien zur besonderen Situation der Gruppe von Careleavers und den strukturellen Bedingungen, unter denen der Übergang ins Erwachsenenleben für Careleavers stattfindet. In diesem Beitrag werden daher erstens die vorliegenden Daten und Studien zu Careleavers in Deutschland daraufhin befragt, welche Aussagen diese über diese Statuspassage treffen können. Zweitens werden anhand zweier eigener Studien Hinweise auf die strukturellen Bedingungen dieser Statuspassage Leaving Care gegeben." (Autorenreferat)

This Note contains the recommendation for a mathematical basis for the apportionment of the seats in the European Parliament between the Member States of the European Union. This is the unanimous recommendation of the Participants in the Cambridge Apportionment Meeting, held at the instigation of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, on 28-29 January 2011.

This Note contains the recommendation for a mathematical basis for the apportionment of the seats in the European Parliament between the Member States of the European Union. This is the unanimous recommendation of the Participants in the Cambridge Apportionment Meeting, held at the instigation of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, on 28-29 January 2011.

This paper investigates the impact of education on the growth of carbon dioxide emissions per capita over the period 1970-2004 in 85 countries. Using panel data and applying GMM-System estimations, our results suggest that education has no impact on the growth of air pollution for the whole sample. Nonetheless, this effect is sensitive to the sampling of countries according to their level of development. Indeed, while the effect remains insignificant in the developing countries sub-sample, education does matter for air pollution growth in the developed countries. More interestingly, when controlling for the quality of political institutions, the positive effect of education on air pollution growth is mitigated in the developed countries while being insignificant in the developing countries.

"Im Fokus dieses Beitrags steht der Übergang ins Erwachsenenleben von jungen Menschen, die aufgrund biographischer Krisen in dieser Phase eine besondere Unterstützung benötigen. Dazu wird eine biographie- mit einer institutionentheoretischen Perspektive auf diesen Übergang verbunden. In einem ersten Schritt werden die Transformationen zweier Übergangssysteme untersucht: die der Beschäftigungsförderung auf der einen und der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe auf der anderen Seite. Mit Hilfe eines biographieorientierten Zugangs wird in einem zweiten Schritt anhand von drei Biographien junger Erwachsener aus einem Beschäftigungsmodellprojekt gezeigt, welche Wechselwirkungen die existierenden Fördermöglichkeiten mit den biographisch geprägten Handlungsmustern der jungen Erwachsenen haben. Diese (negativen) Wechselwirkungen werden typisierend dargestellt und drei Fallensituationen herausgearbeitet, die für das professionelle Handeln im Beschäftigungssektor von besonderer Bedeutung sind." (Autorenreferat)