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Since large part of electricity is generated by using fossil based resources, energy is an important agenda for countries. In this context, renewable energy sources are alternative to conventional sources due to the depletion of fossil resources, increasing awareness of climate change and global warming concerns. Solar, wind and hydropower energy are the main renewable energy sources. Among of them, since installed capacity of wind power has increased approximately eight times between 2008 - November of 2014, wind energy is a promising source for Turkey. Furthermore, signing of Kyoto Protocol can be accepted as a milestone for Turkey's energy policy. Turkish Government has announced Vision 2023 (energy targets by 2023) in 2010-2014 Strategic Plan prepared by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). Energy targets in this plan can be summarized as follows: Share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation is 30% of total electricity generation by 2023. Installed capacity of wind energy will be 20 GW by 2023. Other renewable energy sources such as solar, hydropower and geothermal are encouraged with new incentive mechanisms. Dependence on foreign energy is reduced for sustainability and energy security. On the other hand, since Turkey is surrounded by three coastal areas, wind energy potential is convenient for wind power application. As of November of 2014, total installed capacity of wind power plants is 3.51 GW and a lot of wind power plants are under construction with capacity 1.16 GW. Turkish government also encourages the locally manufactured equipments. In this context, one of the projects funded by private sector, universities and TUBİTAK names as MILRES is an important project aimed to promote the use wind energy in electricity generation. Within this project, wind turbine with 500 kW power has been produced and will be installed at the beginning of the 2015. After that, by using the experience obtained from the first phase of the project, a wind turbine with 2.5 MW power will be ...

Offshore wind has become a large component of the renewable energy ambitions of many coastal states. Whereas onshore wind energy has a large visual impact on the landscape, offshore wind farms have fewer problems of this nature. Although this technology has historically been more expensive than its onshore counterpart, the cost reductions are promising – in part due to the larger areas available offshore, which allow for large economies of scale to be reached. After providing a factual background of offshore wind development, the chapter provides an overview of international law applicable to offshore wind farms. As the majority of offshore wind farms are located in the EU, the chapter also gives an overview of applicable EU law, before providing examples of different legislative options available to states throughout the lifetime of an offshore wind farm, based on a comparative overview of different national legislative systems for offshore wind.

This article aims to show that wind energy resource isn׳t efficiently used in Turkey and how the using of wind energy potential is improved is discussed. Some general information for about political structure and the lack of support mechanism of Turkey are given. For that purpose, a comparison between some developed countries and Turkey is included in this article. Turkey is a country which has wind energy potential on land and sea more than many European countries but the value of installed wind power plants is less than these countries. There is no power generation from offshore wind turbines in Turkey whereas it is surrounded on three sides by seas. The 2023 target which is about the renewable energy generation of Turkey is the 30%. Many developed countries identify long-term plans and implement the policies depend on these plans to exploit wind energy potential more efficiently. In this study, literature screening is adopted. According to findings obtained from the comparison between developed countries and Turkey, it is concluded that although Turkey has a higher potential then a lot of developed countries regarding wind energy, expected efficiency cannot be obtained due to the lack of a national renewable energy policy and the fact that wind energy is not promoted by incentives. Energy planning and management are necessary to promote wind energy which has a vital importance for the development and future of Turkey.

Renewable energy plays an important role in the transition to a low emission society, yet in many regions energy projects have resulted in increasing societal polarization. Based on a comprehensive literature review and a survey among stakeholders from specific regions in Germany, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland and Spain with little prior experience with wind energy, we highlight six categories of factors that shape community acceptance of onshore wind energy development: technical characteristics of wind energy projects, environmental impacts, economic impacts, societal impacts, contextual factors and individual characteristics. We identify key similarities in acceptance-related patterns of wind energy development across the selected regions, but also important differences, highlighting the very context-specific nature of community acceptance. The findings contribute to improving the understanding of the forces, factors and relationships at play between policy frameworks and perceptions of wind energy under different conditions. We conclude by proposing policy recommendations regarding measures to increase the positive impacts and reduce the negative impacts of wind energy projects, and to strengthen existing drivers and reduce barriers to community acceptance of wind energy development.

During recent years, wind energy has moved from an emerging technology to a nearly competitive technology. This fact, coupled with an increasing global focus on environmental concern and a political desire of a certain level of diversification in the energy supply, ensures wind energy an important role in the future electricity market. For this challenge to be met in a cost-efficient way, a substantial part of new wind turbine installations is foreseen to be erected in big onshore or offshore wind farms. This fact makes the production, loading and reliability of turbines operating under such conditions of particular interest.

This presentation was given at the 9th Border Energy Forum in Houston, TX. It gives an overview of wind energy and its potential uses in Mexico and addresses the regulatory framework created to develop wind energy projects, both past and present.