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Angela Hay, a Probation Service Officer, and Amanda Stirling, a Probation Officer in West Yorkshire, explain the rationale, process and outcomes of a pilot programme aiming to make separate groupwork provision for women probation clients. Their experience shows that such programmes are essential to meet the needs of serious women offenders at risk of custody.

Abstract
This essay argues that retrieval of the archive of trans women's engagement with women's liberation corrects a historical focus on the virulent trans misogyny that targeted trans women for exclusion from feminist milieus and projects beginning in 1973. This essay follows the arguments for trans exclusion into their contemporary iterations and proposes the archive of trans women's feminist work as a theoretical and political resource for countering trans misogyny.

AbstractAlex Byrne contends that women are (simply) adult human females, claiming that this thesis has considerably greater initial appeal than the justified true belief (JTB) theory of knowledge. This article refutes Byrne's thesis in the same way the JTB theory of knowledge is widely thought to have been refuted: through simple counterexamples. Lessons are drawn. One lesson is that women need not be human. A second lesson is that biology and physical phenotypes are both irrelevant to whether someone is a woman, and indeed, female in a gendered sense. A third lesson is that trans women, cis women, alien women, and robot women are all women because to be a woman is to be an adult gendered female. This article does not purport to settle complex normative questions of ethics or justice, including whether the ordinary meaning of woman ought to be retained or changed—though I do note plausible implications for these debates. This article does purport to settle what the ordinary meaning of woman is, and in that regard contribute to important conceptual ground-clearing regarding what constitutes an ameliorative or revisionary definition of woman.

At.first glance, the general topic of women in management does not appear especially controversial, revolutionary, or potentially threatening to the established social order. However, a closer examination of Arab women's role in management, as well as a consideration of the social, political and cultural ramifications of women's actual and potential power as decisionmakers, reveals the stirrings of a significant revolution in attitudes, values, and behaviors concerning gender, power and social structure in the Arab world.

This article analyses the relationship between the representatives and the represented by comparing elite and mass attitudes to gender equality and women's representation in Britain. In so doing, the authors take up arguments in the recent theoretical literature on representation that question the value of empirical research of Pitkin's distinction between substantive and descriptive representation. They argue that if men and women have different attitudes at the mass level, which are reproduced amongst political elites, then the numerical under-representation of women may have negative implications for women's substantive representation. The analysis is conducted on the British Election Study (BES) and the British Representation Study (BRS) series.