Suchergebnisse

Abstract
As an emerging agenda in science and public policy discourse, the open science (OS) movement has affected university–industry research collaboration (UIRC) including normative changes concerning actors' value and belief systems. Thus, the following questions have become pertinent: what are the norms and beliefs of key actors engaged in UIRC regarding OS practices? How have the norms and beliefs led to tensions in UIRC and dynamics facilitating or impeding OS? This study explores these questions through two case studies by applying institutional logics theory as an analytical lens. Through analysing case studies concerning UIRC in Finland, a pioneer in the global OS movement, six institutional logics that are either pro- or contra-OS practices were identified: the state, market, corporation, profession, traditional trust–based community and sustainability-based community logics. The strongest tensions are between the state and market logics and between the profession and market logics. In the end of the study, recommendations are solicited for OS policymakers and practitioners based on the research findings.

We aim to reveal the transformations of the subject, structure, goals, and functions of autobiographical practice from diary to blog in Russia, its traditions and developments as a specific form of political and cultural networking. The proposed paper is based on the comparison of the diaries of Alexander Turgenev (1784-1845), historian and a journalist, and the blog of Boris Akunin (Georgii Chkhartishvili, 1956-), a writer, translator, historian. Turgenev's diaries were published as "Chronicle of a Russian" in reputable literary magazines and political journals in the 1830-40s; they contributed to the formation of the intelligentsia and furthered cultural links between Russia and Europe. Akunin expresses his political views on his blog "Love of History", posting autobiographical notes, travelogues, reflections, correspondence, and photographs. Juxtaposing the diary and blog promises to yield rich insights into Russian cultural practices over time. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing in May 2014 and published on 16 March 2015.

As service companies increasingly occupy a significant place as drivers of economic growth, there is a pressing need to understand their peculiarities in order to facilitate their effective management and governance. One important area where this kind of understanding is lacking is knowledge management (KM). Although KM has become a key value driver for all types of organizations, there has been a lack of systematic research into whether there are some fundamental differences between the nature of KM in service‐oriented versus product‐oriented companies. To address this gap in the existing knowledge, this paper examines the main differences between the KM practices and benefits produced by KM in service‐oriented versus product‐oriented companies. Empirical evidence is collected from 171 companies in Finland, China, and Russia and analyzed statistically. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences between service‐oriented and product‐oriented companies in time savings achieved through the application of KM and also on the impact of KM practices on KM benefits. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper provides a sociological overview of the concept of social capital and explores how it is related to the notion of health. The theoretical section of the study addresses the issue of an operational definition of social capital and conducts detailed analysis of the dimensions and forms of the concept that stand out in terms of importance in the field of health research. It also takes into consideration the most significant causal mechanisms identified between social capital and health outcomes. The empirical part of the paper features analysis of data on the connection between social capital and self-perceived health, collected during the first survey conducted in Italy by the Osservatorio sulle Strategie di Consumo delle Famiglie (Observatory on Consumption Strategies in the Family). The survey shows that community social capital, generally expressed in terms of family trust, may, depending on the subject's social milieu of origin, not play any role in determining the level of self-perceived health in Italy. Alternatively, it may play either of two roles, acting as a multiplier or a substitute with regard to positive causal processes determined by parameters of a socio-demographic nature.

This paper provides a sociological overview of the concept of social capital and explores how it is related to the notion of health. The theoretical section of the study addresses the issue of an operational definition of social capital and conducts detailed analysis of the dimensions and forms of the concept that stand out in terms of importance in the field of health research. It also takes into consideration the most significant causal mechanisms identified between social capital and health outcomes. The empirical part of the paper features analysis of data on the connection between social capital and self-perceived health, collected during the first survey conducted in Italy by the Osservatorio sulle Strategie di Consumo delle Famiglie (Observatory on Consumption Strategies in the Family). The survey shows that community social capital, generally expressed in terms of family trust, may, depending on the subject's social milieu of origin, not play any role in determining the level of self-perceived health in Italy. Alternatively, it may play either of two roles, acting as a multiplier or a substitute with regard to positive causal processes determined by parameters of a socio-demographic nature.

Gabriel de Mussy's report, apparently recorded from the words of eyewitnesses of
the event, is a convincing description of one of the first facts in human history of the
use of "bacteriological weapons". Allegedly, during the siege of the Crimean city of
Kaffa by the Golden Horde troops of Khan Dzhanibek, a plague epidemic broke out among
the soldiers. Then the besiegers began to throw the bodies of the dead into the city
with the help of stone throwers, after which the epidemic broke out there as well. Many
of the townspeople fled on ships and arrived in Italy by sea, thus bringing the disease
to Europe. De Mussy's report is criticized or accepted by different authors with a
different set of arguments, but both points of view are built on the basis of the
assumption that the nomads bombarded the city with corpses and tried to spread an
epidemic to it in order to facilitate the assault. However, de Mussy's text directly
says that this action was a gesture of desperation and was carried out after the Mongols
had lost interest in the siege. The article compares the actions of the Golden Horde
army in 1346 in Kaffa with the practices that, according to Russian and Polish sources,
were used by nomads in Southwestern Russia during the campaign against Poland in
1287—1288, when there was also an epidemic. This comparison, in the context of accounts
on how the Mongols of the imperial period understood the manifestation of a deadly
infectious disease, allows to conclude that, perhaps, the practices recorded by de Mussy
had a magical, rather than a rational meaning.

This article analyses three cases of repatriation of human remains by French public museums in order to critically examine the difficulties in the changing institutional practice. It critically ssesses the statutory and administrative processes that have been used to repatriate human remains and identifies the difficulties that have been and are mostly still encountered. Firstly, it evaluates the public/private conundrum of ownership of human remains in French law, which explains why Parliament had to intervene to facilitate the repatriation of remains in public museum collections, whereas a private society could repatriate the skulls of chief Ataï and his doctor to New Caledonia without legal difficulties. Secondly, it reviews the need for parliamentary intervention for the repatriation of the remains of Saartjie Baartman to South Africa and several Mokomokai to New Zealand. Finally, it criticizes the administrative deadlock that has prevented the development of a repatriation practice that could have b en established after the successful repatriation of the remains of Vamaica Peru to Uruguay. Unfortunately, the process has remained opaque and ineffective, owing to a variety of factors; in particular the ambiguity regarding the role of the Commission scientifique nationale des collections, which is set to be abolished and whose role will be undertaken by the Haut conseil des Musées de France, and a lack of political, financial, and structural support from the Ministry of Culture. Until these shortcomings are addressed and clear criteria for repatriation are drawn up, it is unlikely that France will develop a coherent, transparent, and effective process for the repatriation of human remains.

In the present paper, teachers' implementation practices and views of practicality regarding a paired speaking test, part of a high-stakes national test of English as a foreign language (EFL) in the Swedish upper secondary school, were investigated. In Sweden, national tests are centrally developed but internally marked by teachers at the schools where they are administered. Two-hundred and sixty-seven teachers participated in a nation-wide online survey and answered closed and open-ended questions. The responses reflect how teachers implement and perceive the national speaking test in relation to purposes and guidelines. Furthermore, challenges relating to the implementation were also reported. The results showed that there were variations in how the national speaking test was implemented at the local school level. This has clear implications for standardisation, but must be considered in relation to the decentralised school system that the test is embedded in, which requires local decisions to be made and local responsibility to be taken. In addition, many teachers perceived that they did not receive enough support from the school management, indicating that clearer routines and administrative support are needed. Statistical tests were undertaken to explore potential differences related to certain background variables. It was found that school size accounted for some of the variation in teachers' responses, with teachers at smaller schools perceiving the practical implementation of the oral tests to be more problematic and time-consuming. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the practice of high-stakes speaking assessment programs, focusing on the educational context of the current investigation.

This editorial is part of the issue "Promoting Children's Participation in Research, Policy and Practice", edited by Jo Aldridge (Loughborough University, UK). © 2017 by the author; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). ; It is more than twenty years since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child gave governments and states an international mandate to ensure the safety and wellbeing of children and young people and to promote their participation in decisions that affect their lives. Considerable advances have been made since that time that have, in some but not all instances, seen transformations in the status, roles and responsibilities of children and young people and in the ways in which they are perceived and treated. These advances have included greater inclusion of children's voices in research, policy and practice underpinned by children's rights to participation and 'best interests of the child' decision-making. Bringing together a unique collection of international articles from authors with considerable expertise in researching and working with children and young people, this thematic issue explores some of the ways in which facilitating constructive dialogues with children and young people, and engaging them more directly in consultation about their lives, has led to genuine improvements in the way they are treated and understood. It also considers some of the barriers that exist to prevent children and young people from full participation in public life, some of which occur as a result of structural or systemic factors, while others are the result of the decisions adults make on their behalf.

AbstractThe article focuses on the issue of patterns of religious engagement among Indian Hindus during last decade. It tries to look at both the issue of private religion practiced in the form of offering puja at home and public religion seen in terms of participation in Katha, Satsang, Bhajan-Kirtan etc. by Indian Hindus. Sizeable numbers of Indian Hindus offer puja every day; sizeable numbers of them are also engaged in public religious activities. This is more prevalent among the urban, educated, upper-caste, upper-class Hindus compared to their counterpart. Along with factors, which influence religious practices, is gender. Hindu women are more religious compared to the Hindu men. Similarly, upper-caste Hindus practice religious activities more regularly compared to other Hindus. There is hardly any change in patterns of engagement in religious activities among Hindus over the last five years. The levels of engagement in religious activities also have an impact on voting behavior. The higher the engagement in religious activities, the greater is the support for the BJP and vice versa. Between the 2004 and 2009 Lok Sabha elections, there had been a decline in the vote share of BJP due to its declining popularity amongst all the Hindu voters, but the decline in the support for the BJP is much sharper amongst highly religious Hindus compared to those who are not so religious. Along with other factors, this may be one of the important factors that led to the defeat of BJP in the 2009 Lok Sabha elections. The article draws evidence from the National Election Study 2004 and 2009 conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies during these two elections.

For two decades public administration has considered a series of evolving conceptions of professionalism, designed to address some of the field's central concerns. The authors evaluate professionalism's ability to provide practitioners a sense of unity and purpose, to promote virtuous and competent administrative practice, to defend public administration's legitimate institutional role in governance, and to enhance the standing of the field in the eyes of the public and its representatives. They conclude that the professional ideal, even a revised professionalism that avoids explicit claims to autonomous practice, is one that the field should relinquish.

The possible contributions of history to social scientific knowledge are explored. Many historians find the social sciences unsatisfactory, criticizing their tendency to abstract & generalize, often from a single historical situation, & their inability to explain the actions of specific individuals in specific situations. It must also be noted, however, that the criticisms of historians are often based on a misunderstanding of social science goals. History offers an expanded range of cases against which general theories can be tested. However, questions of method inescapably arise when it is used for this purpose. Much of the new social scientific history has tended to neglect issues of theory & method. Problems arise in particular through the use of vaguely defined concepts & because of the fragmentary character of historical data, which require more sophisticated methods of statistical analysis than historians normally use. The historical method tends to resemble that of law more than that of science. Social scientific history differs from traditional history in treating diversity not as an end in itself, but as a means to the development of more general theories. Any such attempt, however, must deal with the obstacles of fragmentary historical sources, formulation of strong working theories, & sophisticated mathematical methodologies. W. H. Stoddard.