Suchergebnisse

In this thesis, I examine representations of indigeneity in works by Chilean poet and visual artist, Cecilia Vicuña (1948- ) that address the changing political landscapes and art world contexts brought by global neoliberalism at the tum of the new century. Forced into exile as a young artist after the CIA-backed military coup installed Augusto Pinochet as dictator in 1973, Vicuña lived and worked in Bogota, Colombia before finally settling in New York City in 1980. An early supporter of Allende and one of the first to speak out against the dictatorship in exile, Vicuña's practice has always had a resolutely activist orientation; and in her mature practice, has largely drawn from the autobiographical and personal archives. It was not until she was physically removed from the Chilean landscape, however, that she began to incorporate aspects of indigenous Andean culture purposefully and consistently into her aesthetic forms - a period of time that also coincides with her introduction into the American feminist movement. As a result, the panorama of Vicuña's practice begins to paint a history of neoliberalism from its experimental beginnings in Chile to its adoption worldwide. lt becomes apparent that the politics of indigeneity that emerges in the historicization of its contemporary representations by Vicuña is one that was developed in response to the local consequences of neoliberal economics and its related global crises. I look to Vicuña's 1998-99 work, cloud-net, in which she positions indigenous Andean forms of knowledge production in response to rising questions around multiculturalism and global contemporary art starting to pervade American cultural institutions at that time. Returning to Chile and the developing water crisis there at the beginning of the 21 st century in works like El Quipu Menstrual, Vicuña presents a politics of indigeneity whose aesthetic forms point to more global implications. Drawing on an Andean repertoire and its ritual connotations, Vicuña practices a contemporary indigeneity whose political platform is rooted in notions of protest and collectivity. Finally, I demonstrate how her return to the ancestral eventually merges with a sense of futurism in her 20 l 0 documentary film, Kon Kon. I contend that this process of speculating indigenous futures is in Vicuña's practice intimately bound to the future of human life on this planet, as it strives to move beyond global neoliberal models.

Food systems, from the local to the global, face a complex set of challenges in the twenty-first century. As recognized in the latest round of the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change talks, it is clear that global targets for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions cannot be met without major alterations to agriculture and supply chains. At the same time, these systems must adapt to changing and uncertain climatic conditions. Across national and international agendas, agriculture plays a further central role in achieving food security, driving economic growth, alleviating poverty, and sustaining ecological functions and services. In reality, food and agriculture intersect with every one of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs), underlining growing global concern for, sometimes highly contested debate over, sustainability in food systems. It is in food systems, perhaps more than anywhere else, that we have the clearest illustrations of the contemporary realities of climate change. If evidence were needed that the challenges of a changing climate are not just those of the future, but of today, then, recent food price shocks, crop failures, and famine crises should suffice (FSIN, 2017). These events are not, of course, determined by weather alone, but are the manifestation of complex and cross-scale social, political, economic, and ecological processes, and should serve as a warning against simple and deterministic interpretations of contemporary food systems. Grappling with these complex issues is essential, if we are to understand how climate change contributes toward risks to the food system, thereby enabling targeted coordination of policies within and across governments. In this short paper, we briefly discuss the burgeoning approach of climate-smart agriculture, which seeks to integrate complex issues and set out a direction for change in contemporary systems. Only broad systemic perspectives, as advocated and advanced in this journal section, positions us (as a broad and diverse academic community) to engage with the grand challenges of providing healthy diets for a growing population, avoiding unsustainable land use change, and adapting to and mitigating climate change. The primary aim of this piece is, therefore, to set out our call for journal contributions from interdisciplinary, cross-scalar, and systemic approaches to the goal of designing climate-smart food systems. We argue here that these designs include and necessarily transcend climate-smart agriculture.

The commotion in European Turkey in the first half of 1903 attracted the attention of Serbian politicians. However, preparations for the uprising in Macedonia coincided with a dynastic change in Serbia prompting Belgrade officials to give priority to internal issues. Besides, the attitude of the royal government was considerably influenced by the Great Powers and their active attempts at calming down tensions in the Balkans. In such circumstances, Belgrade's official attitude towards the occurrences in Macedonia was unambiguous. In keeping with the existing plan concerning the national question and in order to maintain good relations with the Ottoman Empire, Serbian politicians were determined to restrain from being involved in the complex situation caused by the uprising. Such decisions were largely influenced by the opinion of the competent circles in Belgrade that the uprising in Macedonia was stirred and supported by the Principality of Bulgaria and that, consequently, it was up to the politicians in Sofia to think about the possible consequences. In contrast with this reserved position of the officials, the fierceness of the events in Macedonia aroused turbulent and, in a sense, twofold reactions of various social circles and groups. The Serbian public, as could be heard in daily press and public statements, asked for a more active approach of the Serbian government above all, in terms of humanitarian aid to the Christians in the affected regions. On the other hand, uneasy about the passive attitude of official Belgrade, certain military circles displayed determination to protect Serbian interests in the south by implementing new forms of struggle. They set therefore, to muster up the first combat units despite the fact that Belgrade was expressly against Serbia's involvement in the armed conflict on the Macedonian soil. Such events, manifest exactly during the Ilinden uprising clearly indicated that the following period would witness a change in the general policy of the Kingdom of Serbia towards the Macedonian question and its adjustment to the new situation. ; Članak je posvećen odnosu različitih političkih činilaca Kraljevine Srbije prema Ilindenskom ustanku u Makedoniji, avgusta 1903. godine. Različit stav zvaničnog Beograda, oficirskih krugova i srpskog javnog mnjenja, prema ustanku, kao i zaoštravanje političkih prilika na Balkanu, doveli su do krupnih promena u postavkama srpskog nacionalnog rada u Makedoniji,u narednom periodu.

International audience ; This article examines the logics behind the tenacious persistence of gender inequalities in French civil service careers, based on 95 biographical interviews conducted with civil servants in upper-middle management and executive positions between 2011 and 2013. The study combines attention to the consequences of the organizational context with analysis of the interplay between gender and class, particularly focusing on how managers and executives appropriate equality policies. While family background has differential impacts on women's and men's educational paths and orientations, we find that governmental administrative bureaucracies also make strong contributions to the production of such differences through the rules and norms that equality policy struggles to change, especially in a time of austerity and deepening "new public management" reforms. While most managers and executives of both sexes tend to deny the organizational and social causes of inequality, the diffusion of egalitarian norms fosters the expression of gender consciousness by a minority of women, and reshapes mainstream managerial masculinities and femininities. ; Este artículo examina las lógicas detrás de la tenaz persistencia de las desigualdades de género en las carreras del servicio público en Francia, basado en 95 entrevistas biográficas realizadas con funcionarios en puestos de alta dirección y ejecutivos entre 2011 y 2013. El estudio combina la atención a las consecuencias del contexto organizacional con análisis de la interacción entre género y clase, centrándose especialmente en la forma en que los gerentes y los ejecutivos se apropian de las políticas de igualdad. Si bien los antecedentes familiares tienen impactos diferenciales en las trayectorias y orientaciones educativas de mujeres y hombres, encontramos que las burocracias administrativas gubernamentales también contribuyen fuertemente a la producción de tales diferencias a través de las reglas y normas que las políticas de igualdad luchan por cambiar, especialmente en tiempos de austeridad e intensificación de las reformas de la "nueva gestión pública". Si bien la mayoría de los gerentes y ejecutivos de ambos sexos tienden a negar las causas organizativas y sociales de la desigualdad, la difusión de normas igualitarias fomenta la expresión de la conciencia de género por una minoría de mujeres y reestructura las masculinidades y eminidades gerenciales.

This work delves into the ideas and values that underlie the foreign policies of Chile and Bolivia. It delves into the roles assigned to regional integration and cooperation, based on the preferences and worldviews that the governments of Evo Morales, Michel Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera exposed between 2006 and 2012. To explore these trends, we analyzed a series of presidential speeches exhibited in different international and domestic forums. We start from the premise that states that the participation of both countries in different processes of regional integration and dialogue, from a practice that involves several countries located in the continent, reveals that they do not coincide in their emphasis, especially on matters referring to current international challenges around trade and international cooperation, and its prospects for development in the context of the crisis of the neoliberal model. We conclude that this current phenomenon results in the emergence of a model of integration with disparate content on the continent; ie in which different roles, of crucial importance prevail, regarding their positions and international insertion strategies, affecting the actions and responses to the international scenario. ; Este trabajo aborda las ideas y valores que subyacen a las políticas exteriores de Chile y Bolivia. Profundiza en los roles que le asignan a la integración y cooperación regionales, a partir de las preferencias y visiones de mundo que exponen los gobiernos de Evo Morales, Michel Bachelet y Sebastián Piñera entre 2006 y 2012. Para explorar estas tendencias, analizamos una serie de discursos presidenciales expuestos en distintas instancias internacionales y domésticas. Partimos de la premisa que señala que la participación de ambos países en distintos procesos de integración y concertación regionales, desde una práctica que involucra a varios países ubicados en el continente, deja en evidencia que no coinciden en sus énfasis, sobre todo en las materias referidas a los desafíos internacionales actuales en torno al comercio y cooperación internacionales, y en sus perspectivas del desarrollo en un contexto de crisis del modelo neoliberal. Concluimos que este fenómeno actual trae como consecuencia el surgimiento de un modelo de integración con contenidos dispares en el continente, es decir, en el que prevalecen roles distintos, de crucial importancia, respecto a sus posiciones y estrategias de inserción internacional, repercutiendo en las acciones y respuestas hacia el escenario internacional.

How do States 'legitimize' their non-ratification of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees? This article examines the case of Lebanon, a country frequently hailed by the international community for its generosity towards refugees, and currently hosting the highest number of refugees in the world in proportion to its population size. While Lebanon engaged actively in the establishment of the international refugee regime, it has long insisted that it is not a country of asylum and steadfastly rejects ratification of the major refugee law instruments. Based on 10 months of field research, this article makes four arguments as to why Lebanon continues to resist ratification of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its Protocol. First, it argues that there is a widespread and real, or simply politically expedient, uncertainty as to the obligations that come with the Convention. This includes a belief that the Convention requires that Lebanon allow for the permanent settlement of refugees on its territory. Secondly, it argues that the responsibility-shift for refugees to third parties such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees brings about obvious advantages for Lebanon, and has made it less inclined to become a party to the Convention. Thirdly, it argues that the 'good-neighbourliness' principle between Arab countries holds that Lebanon should not employ the term 'refugee' because doing so would put the State into positions that could violate the good neighbour principle; essentially, ratifying the Convention would entail a duty to recognize certain forced migrants as refugees. Finally, the article argues that many Lebanese government officials and policymakers consider Lebanon's accession to the Convention redundant for three key reasons. First, Lebanon applies the provisions of the Convention and Protocol on a voluntary basis, so that there is no need for ratification; secondly, Lebanon already has human rights obligations towards refugees on its territory by virtue of its membership of the United Nations and its ratification of a number of core human rights instruments; and, thirdly, due to the 'crisis' in international refugee law, in which many States appear to reject the Convention altogether, Lebanese decision makers are now questioning the relevance of these instruments. ; publishedVersion

The article considers the experience of I. Nechuy-Levytsky, the classic of Ukrainian prose of the ХІХ century, in realization of his own program of development of national literature. The novel «Over the Black Sea» is described as an example of a classic realistic work of the European style. It is analyzed how accurately the writer reproduces the spiritual searches of the representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of a certain period, using the traditional principle of constructing an artistic image, the basis of which is the personification of idea in an image.In particular the research is done in the aspects of making and upbringing of a national self-identity. The attention is paid to the structure of the characters' images, which includes the features of cultural, educational level, world outlook positions and acts as the reflection of self-identity, dominants of national, democratic ideals common to all mankind values. Thus, ways and steps of an artistic realization of the characters' images are analyzed in the context of their social-problematic, social-psychological, social and every day life potentials. It gives the basis for more objective ways in studying the types and individualities of the characters, their relation to the perspective of the national movement and love to Ukraine, that was consonant to the mood of the youth of the 80ies of the XIXth century, to the processes of splitting in its surrounding due to diverse influences of national and social-economic character. ; В статье проанализирован опыт классика украинской прозы ХІХ ст. И. Нечуя-Левицкого в реализации собственной программы развития национальной литера- туры. Повесть «Над Черным морем» рассматривается как пример классического реалистического произведения европейского типа. Анализируется, как писатель отображает духовные поиски представителей украинской интеллигенции того времени, используя традиционный принцип построения художественного изобра- жения, основу которого составляет персонификация идеи образом. ; У статті розглянуто досвід класика української прози ХІХ ст. І. Нечуя-Ле- вицького в царині реалізації власної програми розвитку національної літератури. Повість «Над Чорним морем» потрактовується як приклад класичного реаліс- тичного твору європейського штибу. Аналізується як саме письменник відтворює духовні пошуки представників української інтелігенції означеної доби, використо- вуючи традиційні принципи побудови художнього зображення, основу якого стано- вить персоніфікація ідеї образом.

Understanding the school diversity from a wide position, located in the school as a place for social participation, this article inquires in the social representations of teachers according to school diversity, in relation to the contexts of professional performance, practice and initial training. In connection with this, this article also analyzes how the representations affect teaching practices inside the classroom. Based on grounded theory, three teacher's interviews, done in the Metropolitan Region, were analyzed. The richness of the data itself allowed building the theory underlying the subjects regarding diversity. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the debate about the tension of the concept of school diversity and democratization of the school in order to generate a national school inclusion. ; Comprendiendo la diversidad escolar desde un posicionamiento amplio y situado en la escuela como un espacio de participación social, este artículo indaga acerca de las representaciones sociales de los profesores, respecto de la diversidad escolar, en relación con los contextos de desempeño profesional, práctica y su formación inicial. En vinculación con lo anterior, se analiza en cómo dichas representaciones afectan las prácticas docentes al interior del aula. En base a la Grounded Theory, se analizan tres entrevistas a profesores de la Región Metropolitana, permitiendo construir la teoría que subyace en los sujetos respecto de la diversidad, a partir de la riqueza del dato mismo. El propósito de este artículo, es contribuir al debate sobre la tensión respecto del concepto de diversidad escolar y democratización de la escuela, en miras hacia una inclusión escolar a nivel nacional. ; Compreendendo a diversidade estudantil a partir de um posicionamento amplo e situado na escola como um espaço de participação social, indaga-se sobre as representações sociais dos professores, considerando-se a diversidade estudantil, em relação aos contextos de desempenho profissional, prática e formação docente inicial. Vinculado ao anterior, analisa-se como essas representações afetam as práticas docentes no interior da sala de aula. Com base na Grounded Theory, analisam-se três entrevistas de professores da Região Metropolitana de Santiago do Chile, o que permite construir a teoria implícita nos sujeitos com respeito à diversidade, a partir da riqueza do dado em si. Objetiva-se contribuir com o debate atual sobre a tensão existente no conceito de diversidade estudantil e democratização da escola, tendo em vista a inclusão escolar em nível nacional.

This report looks critically at the nanny state debate. It has been produced under the coordination of Dr Farhang Tahzib, Chair of the Public Health Ethics Special Interest Group of the UK Faculty of Public Health. It is intended as a resource for members of the public health community whose own reflections or practice are affected by nanny state concerns, and for other readers who may be interested in the ethical legitimacy of public health practice and policy. The nanny state is a frequent point of reference in academic, public, and political debates on public health policy. As with many political slurs, it refers at once both to valid and invalid concerns. It reduces these to hard-hitting and often logically-incoherent rhetoric; rhetoric that obscures meaningful discussion and obstructs pathways (whatever one's political leanings) to a fairer, healthier society. At its best, the nanny state is intended to represent a political-philosophical position; a view on public health ethics and on the source and constraints of politically legitimate actions and agendas of government. At its worst, it is an incoherent slogan that is lazily or cynically made against policies that a person, group, or organisation wants to shout down without explaining why. Either way, nanny state accusations require to be scrutinised because the nanny state debate directly impacts policies that may protect or promote the public's health, as well as people's views on such policies. Accordingly, this report aims to summarise and explain key points implied by and related to the nanny state in practice: it aims to make clear what people 'do' with nanny state accusations, and how we might respond to their claims. It discusses these matters as part of broader political debates that impact on efforts ethically to protect and promote the public's health. It does so too with regard to a social context in which damage is done—in the form of harms and injustices—by questionable arguments that are based on nanny state accusations. An earlier draft of this report was circulated to colleagues working in public health ethics, leadership, practice, and training. The author gratefully acknowledges the comments, observations, and questions that were provided consequent to that consultation exercise. Responsibility for the final drafting and the views expressed is the author's own.

Attention maintenance is highly demanding and typically leads to vigilance decrement along time on task. Therefore, performance in tasks involving vigilance maintenance for long periods, such as driving, tends to deteriorate over time. Cognitive performance has been demonstrated to fluctuate over 24 h of the day (known as circadian oscillations), thus showing peaks and troughs depending on the time of day (leading to optimal and suboptimal times of day, respectively). Consequently, vigilance decrements are more pronounced along time on task when it is performed at suboptimal times of day. According to research, light exposure (especially blue-enriched white) enhances alertness. Thus, it has been proposed to prevent the vigilance decrement under such adverse circumstances. We aimed to explore the effects of blue-enriched white light (vs. dim light) on the performance of a simulated driving task at a suboptimal time of day. A group of evening-types was tested at 8 am, as this chronotype had previously shown their largest vigilance decrement at that time. In the dim light condition, vigilance decrements were expected on both subjective (as increments in the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores) and behavioral measures [as slower reaction times (RTs) in the auditory Psychomotor Vigilance Task, slower RTs to unexpected events during driving, and deteriorated driving accuracy along time on task]. Physiological activation was expected to decrease (as indexed by an increase of the distal-proximal temperature gradient, DPG). Under blue-enriched white light, all these trends should be attenuated. Results from the control dim light condition replicated the vigilance decrement in all measures. Most important, the blue-enriched white light attenuated this decrement, leading to both lower DPG and faster RTs. However, it impaired accuracy of driving performance, and did not have any effect on subjective sleepiness. We conclude that exposure to blue-enriched light provides an effective countermeasure to enhance vigilance performance at suboptimal times of day, according to measures such as RTs. However, it should be considered that alerting effects of light could impair accuracy in precision tasks as keeping a proper car position. The current findings provide ergonomic implications for safety and fatigue related management systems. ; This work was supported by the Spanish and Andalusian Governments to ÁC (MINECO: PSI2014-58041-P, and Proyectos de Excelencia JJAA: SEJ-3054) and to JM (MINECO: SAF2013- 49132-C2-1-R).

Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Beschreibung und Behandlung der Funktionen der Behörden und der Steirischen Landesjägerschaft bei der Vollziehung des Steirischen Jagdrechtes. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird ein allgemeiner Überblick über das Steirische Jagdgesetz 1986 gegeben, wobei die kompetenzrechtlichen Bestimmungen und die Besonderheiten dieses Gesetzes näher dargelegt werden, sowie wichtige Begrifflichkeiten erläutert werden, welche im Zuge der weiteren Ausführungen notwendig sind, um das Geschriebene besser zu verstehen.Im zweiten Teil wird auf die Funktion der einzelnen Behörden näher eingegangen. Dabei werden nur die für das Stmk JagdG relevanten Behörden, nämlich die Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde, der Gemeinderat und die Landesregierung, behandelt. Um wiederum für ein besseres Verständnis zu sorgen, werden die einzelnen Aufgaben der jeweiligen Behörden getrennt voneinander erläutert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit widme ich mich der Steirischen Landesjägerschaft, in concreto deren Aufbau, Aufgaben und Zweck. Da die Jägerschaft als Vertretung aller Jäger in der Steiermark eine besondere Stellung einnimmt, wird auch hier zuerst auf die rechtlichen Grundlagen dieses sogenannten Selbstverwaltungskörpers eingegangen und anschließend der Zweck und die Aufgaben der Jägerschaft näher erläutert. Außerdem werde ich auf den Aufbau, was vor allem die Erläuterung der einzelnen Organe und deren Aufgaben beinhaltet, sowie die Wahlen dieser Organe behandeln. Abschließend werde ich darlegen, was ich beim Verfassen dieser Arbeit gelernt habe und meine persönliche Ansichten zu der Thematik des Jagdrechtes einfließen lassen. ; The main purposes of this dissertation are the description and the function of the Styrian hunting department and the enforcement of the Styrian game law. First, a general overview of the Styrian game law 1986 is given, specifying the juridical regulations and the characteristics of this law. In addition, relevant hunting terminology is defined, to clarify specific hunting vocabulary and therefore make the work more comprehensible.The second part of the dissertation focuses on the function of particular departments concerning the Styrian game law. It especially mentions the relevant local authorities, such as the administrative authority, the local council and the federal state government. For further simplification, the local authorities, inevitable for the Styrian game law, are discussed separately. The final part of the dissertation deals with the association of hunters, especially with its structure, its duties and responsibilities, and its purpose. Due to the fact that the association of hunters represents all Styrian hunters and therefore occupies a central position, the legal regulations, of this self-governing body, are examined. Furthermore, the structure, which particularly includes the explanation of the single institutions and their duties and responsibilities, just as the election of the institutions, are embraced.Finally, my personal development while writing this dissertation and my points of view concerning the Styrian game law are mentioned. ; vorgelegt von: Stephan Hubmann ; Zusammenfassung in Deutsch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2679897

Das Rechtsinstitut der rügelosen Einlassung auf das Verfahren ist keine ausschließliche österreichische Besonderheit, wie sie sich in § 104 Abs 3 JN finden lässt, sondern wurde auch auf europarechtlicher Ebene durch seinen Artikel 26 EuGVVO verwirklicht. Durch Artikel 26 EuGVVO wird dem Beklagten in Ausnahmefällen auch dem Kläger die Möglichkeit eröffnet, die internationale Unzuständigkeit des angerufenen Gerichts zu überwinden, indem er sich rügelos, dies bedeutet ohne den Mangel der internationalen Zuständigkeit geltend zu machen, auf das Verfahren einlässt und sich dadurch der rechtsprechenden Gewalt eines anderen Mitgliedstaats unterwirft. Als sekundäres Unionsrecht geht die Vorschrift der rügelosen Einlassung nach Artikel 26 EuGVVO jedoch jener nach nationalem Verfahrensrecht vor. Die Konsequenz daraus ist, dass nationale Rechtsvorschriften unangewandt bleiben müssen und sich die Heilung der internationalen Zuständigkeit nach den Vorschriften der EuGVVO richtet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist sowohl die Darstellung des Sinn und Zweckes als auch der formalen Erfordernisse der rügelosen Einlassung auf das Verfahren des Artikels 26 EuGVVO. Ein Augenmerk liegt auch auf Verfahrenshandlungen durch den Beklagten, welche eine rügelose Einlassung auf das Verfahren bewirken. Im Anschluss daran wird die neu eingeführte Belehrungspflicht, welche in Verbrauchersachen besteht, durchleuchtet. In Zeiten wachsender Globalisierung erschien es notwendig, den Schutz von Verbrauchern noch effizienter zu gewährleisten. Da ein Verbraucher im Regelfall die schwächere Stellung gegenüber einem Unternehmer einnimmt, soll daher vor seiner Einlassung auf das Verfahren sichergestellt werden, dass er über die Möglichkeit der Zuständigkeitsrüge in Kenntnis gesetzt und über die Folgen seiner Einlassung oder Nichteinlassung hinreichend belehrt wird. Trotz vieler offener Fragen hinsichtlich der neu eingeführten Belehrungspflicht werden verschiedene Varianten und Lösungsansätze aufgezeigt sowie die Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Vorschläge miteinander abgewogen. ; The institute of entering an appearance without raising an objection isnt an exclusive Austrian specific feature, which can be found in § 104 (3) JN. It was also implemented at European level by its Article 26 Brussels Ia Regulation which provides the defendant and in exceptional cases also the plaintiff the opportunity to overcome the international jurisdiction by not raising any objections at the proceedings. The aim of this thesis is to display the meaning and purpose as well as the formal requirements of Article 26 Brussels Ia Regulation. Attention is also paid to procedural actions by the defendant, which cause an entering of an appearance. After that an introduction will be given to the new customer information obligation. In times of growing globalization, it seemed necessary to ensure the protection of consumers even more efficiently. Since a consumer generally assumes a weaker position towards an entrepreneur, the court shall ensure that the defendant is informed of his right to contest the jurisdiction of the court and of the consequences of entering or not entering an appearance. Despite many open questions regarding the newly introduced obligation, different variants and approaches are highlighted and the advantages and disadvantages of the individual proposals are weighed up. ; vorgelegt von Andreas Golob ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2679925

В статье рассматриваются вопросы интерпретации и понимания отдельных аспектов морской политики Европейского Союза на примере основных правовых актов ЕС: Морской директивы, Рамочной водной директивы и Директивы среды обитания и птиц, которые являются европейскими всеохватывающими правилами для водных систем и тесно взаимосвязаны между собой.Анализ ключевых положений морского законодательства ЕС, объединённых общей целью охраны морской среды и устойчивого использования морей, осуществляется с учетом положений международных конвенций и теоретических положений науки экологического права, что помогает систематизировать знания в данной области. ; Стаття присвячена питанням інтерпретації окремих аспектів морської політики Європейського Союзу. Для розуміння змісту морської стратегії ЄС були проаналізовані наступні директиви: Морська директива, Рамочна водна директива, Директива середовища існування та птахів, які пов'язані між собою однією метою – охорони морського середовища і сталого використання морів. Аналіз ключових положень морського законодавства ЄС здійснюється з врахуванням положень міжнародних конвенцій та теоретичних положень науки екологічного права, що допомагає систематизувати знання.Автор розглядає моря Європейського континенту як об'єкт правового регулювання, який відіграє важливу роль для забезпечення національних інтересів кожної держави-учасниці ЄС та ЄС в цілому. При цьому морська політика ЄС базується на різноманітних підходах, вибір яких залежить як від впливу діяльності на довкілля, так і від поставлених завдань щодо використання морського середовища. ; The article is devoted to the issues about the interpretation of certain aspects of the European Union maritime policy. In order to understand the content of the European Union maritime strategy, the following directives were analyzed: Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, which have a single objective - to protect the marine environment and sustainable use of the seas. Analysis of key positions of the EU maritime legislation is based on the provisions of international conventions and the Environmental Law's theory, and helps to systemize knowledge.The author considers the European seas as the object of legal regulation, which plays an important role in ensuring the national interests of each member-state and the EU in whole. At the same time, the European Union maritime policy is based on a variety of approaches, the choice of which depends on both the environmental impact and the objectives of the use of the marine environment.

This study explores the concept of humanitarian intervention and investigates whether human intervention can connect to a universal standard. The fundamental cause of humanitarian intervention is the response of human rights violations by a state, and thus the intervention to the state. Human rights thoughts are the taboo in the modern world and state sovereignty is one of the significant international rights. Nevertheless, the humanitarian intervention is an exception of the state sovereignty, but when? In this context, it is explained what human intervention is, the change in history and time. The political memory of the period and the positions of the states have led to humanitarian intervention decisions. The question of what the limits are is one of the problems of this study and has been assessed and compare with the sovereignty of states and the obligation of protection in international law. It has been argued whether international law will be a social contract. Also, it mentioned in the literature on ethics of humanitarian intervention for understanding the legal and theoretical bases of humanitarian intervention decisions. Is humanitarian intervention that identifies as an exception of the prohibition of the use of force, lawful? Theories on the rethinking of humanitarian intervention and the restructuring of the United Nations Security Council have been evaluated. ; Bu çalışma insani müdahale kavramını açıklamayı ve insani müdahalenin evrensel bir norma bağlanıp bağlanamayacağını araştırmaktadır. İnsani müdahalenin temel varlık sebebi bir devletin kendi içinde yaşanan ağır insan hakları ihlallerine karşı uluslararası toplumun söz konusu ihlallere ve dolayısıyla o devlete müdahalesidir. Modern dünyanın tabusu olan insan hakları düşüncesinin devletlerin bağımsızlığı gibi haklarında doğurabileceği istisnalardan biri olarak kabul edilen insani müdahalenin hangi temellerle böyle bir maslahat muhakemesine konu edinilebildiği tartışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda insani müdahalenin ne olduğu, tarihi ve zaman içindeki değişimi açıklanmıştır. Dönemin politik hafızası ve devletlerin konumları insani müdahale kararlarını yönlendirmiştir. Sınırlarının ne olduğu sorusu da çalışmanın problemlerinden biridir ve devletlerin egemenlikleri ile uluslararası hukuktaki koruma yükümlüğü mukayeseli bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Uluslararası hukukun bir toplum sözleşmesi olup olamayacağı tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca insani müdahale kararlarının hukuki ve teorik temellerinin anlaşılabilmesi için insani müdahale etiği konusundaki literatüre de değinilmiştir. Kuvvet kullanma yasağının istisnası olarak kendini tanımlayan insani müdahale olgusunun kendini böyle konumlandırmasının hukukiliği tartışılmaktadır. İnsani müdahalenin yeniden düşünülmesi ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyinin yeniden yapılandırılması yönündeki teoriler değerlendirilmiştir.

Fil: Puyol, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Argentina. ; La tesis estudia las transformaciones en el dispositivo penal juvenil de la provincia de Santa Fe a partir de la sanción de las leyes nacional y provincial de protección integral de los derechos de las niñas, niños y adolescentes. Para ello, identificamos los elementos que componen el dispositivo: cuerpo profesional, código teórico, entramado institucional, tecnologías de intervención y estatuto de usuario. A partir de estos elementos construimos dos modelo normativos: "modelo tutelar" y "modelo proteccionista". Estos modelos buscaron caracterizar el dispositivo antes y después de los cambios legales antes mencionados, respectivamente. Asimismo nos posibilitaron ubicar las posiciones y representaciones de los operadores judiciales y ejecutivos del dispositivo en torno a cada uno de sus elementos. Finalmente, buscamos indagar las maneras en las que las modificaciones operadas en el plano normativo se vuelven operativas en los espacios más dinámicos del dispositivo penal juvenil en la provincia de Santa Fe. Es decir, comprender en qué medida esas transformaciones legales lograron plasmarse en la construcción y consolidación de nuevas prácticas y discursos en torno a los jóvenes considerados infractores a la ley penal y el funcionamiento de las agencias gubernamentales implicadas. ; The thesis studies the transformations in the juvenile penal dispositive of the province of Santa Fe, from the sanction of the national and provincial laws of integral protection of children and adolescents rights. In order to do this, we identified the elements that compose the dispositive: professional body, theoretical code, institutional net, intervention technologies and user status. From those elements we built two normative models: "tutelary model" and "protectionist model". Those models pursue characterize the dispositive before and after the legal changes mentioned before, respectively. Furthermore, they enable to identify the positions and representations of the judicial and executive agents of the dispositive about those elements. Finally, we looked into the ways in which the modifications in the regulatory level became operative in a more dynamic space of the juvenile penal dispositive en Santa Fe province. In other words, comprehend to what extent the legal changes configure and consolidate new practices and discourses about young offenders and juvenile penal government agencies. ; Universidad Nacional del Litoral