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Introduction : the open and global internet is under threat -- Opportunities and challenges of the internet -- Current U.S. policy : continuity and growth -- Recommendations : the United States and its partners should promote a positive agenda for cyberspace -- Conclusion : an open, global, secure, and resilient internet is in everyone's interest.

Foreword: "While the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois, in force July 1, 1917, abolished the office of State Food Commissioner, it created the Division of Foods and Dairies, in the Department of Agriculture.". ; Sub-title varies slightly; sub-title lacking from 1919. ; At head of title: State of Illinois. Department of Agriculture . Division of Foods and Dairies. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Latest issue consulted: 1927. ; Earliest issue consulted: 1919.

Imprint varies: v. 1, 4-5, Oslo, J. W. Cappelen; v. 2, Kristiania, J. E. Schoubyes boktrykkeri; v. 3, Hamar, Norsk skoletidendes boktrykkeri; v. [6]-9, Oslo, Webergs boktrykkeri a/s. ; Vol. 1: 2. utg.; v. [6] has special t.p.: Seterbruket i Norge; v. 7-9 have title: Norsk bonderett. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Intro -- Contents -- Comparative Discrimination Law: Age as a Protected Ground -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Part 1: Thematic Issues -- Economic and Structural Dimensions -- Demographic Trends -- Age Equality and the Labour Market -- Changes in the Organisation of Work -- Conclusions on the Structural Dimension of the Labour Market -- The Social Dimension of Age Equality -- Dignity -- Stigma -- Disadvantage -- Inclusion -- Accommodation -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion -- The Intersection of the Economic and Social: The Case of Retirement -- Connecting the Social and Economic -- Part 2: Comparative Study -- International Standards -- The EU Legal Framework on Age Discrimination -- Discrimination against Younger People -- Discrimination against Older Workers in General -- The Case of Retirement -- Conclusion on EU Law on Age -- UK -- Discrimination against Younger Workers -- Discrimination against Older Workers -- Intersectional Claims Including Age -- Conclusion on Age Discrimination in the UK -- Sweden -- Discrimination against Younger Workers -- Discrimination against Older Workers -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion on Age Discrimination in Sweden -- US -- Discrimination against Younger Workers -- Discrimination against Older Workers -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion on Age Discrimination in the USA -- Canada -- Discrimination against Younger Workers -- Discrimination against Older Workers -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion on Age Discrimination in Canada -- South Africa -- The Case of Retirement -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion on Age Discrimination in South Africa -- Part 3: Conclusion -- Rejection of Stereotyping and Prejudice -- Standard of Review -- Retirement and Intergenerational Justice -- The Dignity Paradox -- Recognising Structural Economic and Labour Market Dimensions -- Ways Forward? A Multi-Dimensional Approach

Blockchain networks have increasingly turned to proof-of-stake ("PoS") protocols as a mechanism for discouraging bad behavior and securing participants' data. In doing so, they have not only improved their energy consumption but also increased their accessibility. Still, the technological proficiency required of participants in PoS networks presents certain barriers to inclusivity. Third-party services known as staking-as-a-service ("StaaS") providers have emerged as a popular solution to participants personally securing the network. The nature of this sub-contractual relationship has raised questions regarding the need for their regulation. In response to regulatory concerns, some practitioners have suggested that StaaS arrangements should qualify as "investment contracts" per SEC v. Howey and thus "securities" under the Securities Act of 1933. While much litigation has surrounded the question of whether cryptocurrencies vis-à-vis initial coin offerings ("ICOs") constitute securities, none has yet addressed the question on StaaS providers within these networks. Accordingly, this Note explores the potential arguments in favor and against regulating StaaS providers as issuers of securities under Howey. It argues that the uniqueness of and variations among StaaS contracts make these arrangements unsuitable for regulation as securities. Instead, both StaaS users and PoS networks at large can benefit from a regulatory framework tailored to this innovative and nuanced technology.

Cryptocurrencies and digital assets have continued to gain widespread acceptance from both retail and institutional investors. With this rapid growth in both the crypto and digital asset spaces, there has also been an unfortunate steady drumbeat of fraudulent activity. It has been reported that in 2021 alone over $14 billion in crypto was stolen from investors. Frauds have touched all aspects of the crypto universe ranging from outright Bitcoin theft, pig butchering, and wallet phising to DeFi rug pulls, exchange hacks, mining scams and NFT fraud. The Cryptocurrency and Digital Asset Fraud Casebook will provide up to date information and analysis on fraudulent activity in the crypto space. Jason Scharfman is the Managing Partner of Corgentum Consulting, a specialist consulting firm that performs operational due diligence reviews and background investigations of fund managers of all types, including crypto asset managers, direct crypto investments, hedge funds, private equity, real estate, and long-only funds on behalf of institutional investors, including pensions, endowments, foundations, fund of funds, family offices, and high-net-worth individuals. He is recognized as one of the leading experts in the fields of digital asset and cryptocurrency compliance, fund operations and due diligence

A basic similarity between the Chinese approach to international income taxation and that of many other countries is the two-tiered system China uses to tax inbound foreign investments: some items of income earned by foreigners are taxed on a gross-income basis, primarily by way of withholding, while others are taxed on a net-income basis, through the filing of annual tax returns that account for both income and expenses. In the U.S., as a comparative example, whether an item of income is subject to one or the other mode of taxation turns upon whether the foreign recipient of income is engaged in a "trade or business" in the U.S. and whether the income is "effectively connected" with such U.S. trade or business. In China, a similar determination for a foreign non-individual taxpayer depends on whether the foreign entity's income is effectively connected with an "establishment or site" ("jigouchangsuo," or "establishment" for short) in China.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. General Norm Evolution Theory -- 2. Norm Evolution for Chemical and Biological Weapons -- 3. Norm Evolution for Strategic Bombing -- 4. Norm Evolution for Nuclear Weapons -- 5. Norm Evolution Th eory for Emerging- Technology Weapons -- 6. Predicting Norm Evolution for Cyber Warfare -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix: Background on Cyber Warfare -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

This paper presents an analysis of the early Charter cases dealing with civil commitment and compulsory treatment of individuals under provincial mental health legislation. The author describes two models for dealing with these issues: the paternalistic model and the social control model. She argues that Canadian courts have adopted a paternalistic approach and, as such, have failed to recognize the adversary relationship between the state and the individual which forms the basis of involuntary psychiatry. Courts have thus failed to develop the kinds of procedural protections that are available in the criminal law context. The author proposes that courts making decisions dealing with civil mental health issues should rely less on paternalism and recognize the serious deprivations of liberty at stake for individuals in the mental health system.