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China,pension reform, multi-pillar system,implementation. - China is currently in the process of developing the largest pension system in the world and it is doing this in the context of profound economic reform and demographic transformation. The central government has followed a step-by-step approach to set up a system that is capable of accommodating a rapidly aging society within a fast growing, but still largely underdeveloped economy. This dissertation analyses how far the process of building the public old age security system had proceeded and to what degree it has so far achieved its primary goal. Based on assessment on the implementation issues of the current system, this dissertation focuses on the major challenges confronting the system, aiming at finding where the pension reform is going in China. Since the crucial re-design of the pension system from an enterprise-based pure pay-as-you-go scheme to a partly privatized funded scheme in 1997, the government has laid out the framework to build up a national unified system, supported by the founding of NSSF (National Social Security Fund) as a fund of last resort. After years of experiment programs, the current system is further specified. Despite these significant reforms, the current system is still facing profound challenges: The coverage of the system is still limited due to the lack of incentive schemes; the rural population remains outside the national pension system and the majority of the population would remain dependent on the traditional family support to provide old age support for many years to come; the system is decentralized, characterized by fragmentation and intransparancy; central budgetary subsidy is still needed to fill the funding pap. Thus, China's pension system is in urgent need of reform to create a more sustainable and ultimately a truly national pension system. Yet the rapid economic development and productivity gains since the economic reform in 1978, as well as the demographic window due to the declining overall ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In Sweden, mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increased steadily during the 20th century and in the mid-1980s it was highest in the county of Västerbotten. Therefore, a community intervention programme was launched - the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) - with the aim of reducing morbidity and mortality from CVD and diabetes. DESIGN: The VIP was first developed in the small municipality of Norsjö in 1985. Subsequently, it was successively implemented across the county and is now integrated into ordinary primary care routines. A population-based strategy directed towards the public is combined with a strategy to reach all middle-aged persons individually at ages 40, 50 and 60 years, by inviting them to participate in systematic risk factor screening and individual counselling about healthy lifestyle habits. Blood samples for research purposes are stored at the Umeå University Medical Biobank. RESULTS: Overall, 113,203 health examinations have been conducted in the VIP and 6,500-7,000 examinations take place each year. Almost 27,000 subjects have participated twice. Participation rates have ranged between 48 and 67%. A dropout rate analysis in 1998 indicated only a small social selection bias. Cross-sectional, nested case-control studies and prospective studies have been based on the VIP data. Linkages between the VIP and local, regional and national databases provide opportunities for interdisciplinary research, as well as national and international collaborations on a wide range of disease outcomes. A large number of publications are based on data that are collected in the VIP, many of which also use results from analysed stored blood samples. More than 20 PhD theses have been based primarily on the VIP data. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of the VIP, established as a collaboration between politicians and health care providers on the one hand and primary care, functioning as the operating machinery, and the public on the other, forms the basis for effective implementation and endurance over time. After more than 20 years of the VIP, there is a large comprehensive population-based database, a stable organisation to conduct health surveys and collect data, and a solid structure to enable widespread multidisciplinary and scientific collaborations.

National audience ; It is often assumed that the end of the modern period is a long succession of years of political inactivity, even for some of the preparation of the Revolution of 1789. But it is not so, for illustration we offer consider an attempt to regenerate structures in the kingdom. The Upper "Guyenne" States are created by Necker during the last years of the reign of Louis XVI. They are an attempt to live, to revive some form of democracy or at least a greater participation of the population in the grip of his own destiny.The Upper Guyenne States operate for more than 15 years headed a strange character. This is Seigneley Charles Colbert, a famous surname to a discreet man. It must be said that this priest is of Scottish origin, bi-national training gives him a world view completely original. By Elsewhere, the bishop of Rodez, owes much to his meeting with philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Its library but his actions indicate the strong influence of the Scottish Enlightenment on the government of that province to the ephemeral existence. Thereafter the Bishop, sitting logically to Versailles, will show a favorable time to the French Revolution among other participant in the establishment of the cantons.It is unfortunate that his name is almost forgotten, while it may appear as a diligent administrator, human and innovative, a European early. ; On considère souvent que la fin de la période moderne est une longue suite d'années d'inactivité politique, voire pour certains de la préparation de la Révolution de 1789. Or il n'en est rien, à titre d'illustration nous vous proposons d'examiner une tentative de régénération des structures du royaume. Les États de Haute-Guyenne sont crées par Necker durant les dernières années du règne de Louis XVI. Ils sont une tentative de faire vivre, de faire revivre, une certaine forme de démocratie ou tout au moins d'une plus grande participation de la population, à la prise en main de son propre destin.Les États de Haute-Guyenne fonctionnent durant plus de 15 ans ...

In Indonesia, the high growth of population is special problem. Because of that, the government had to done something to holding the rate population problem, that one of them is Planning Family (KB) in national program. Increased of rate acceptor KB can give effect to contraception logistic crisis, so it can be decreased logistic supply. By the way, the development of contraception from plant is one of alternative that can do it. Indonesia is tropical country that have richness flora. More than 940 species that has planting and used be herbal medicine or traditional medicine and from 75th family are more than 225th plant species that used be contraception material. One of them is sea grass (Enhalus acoroides) because it's contained steroid, that's can be isolated from all of body plant, like roots, rhizome, and leaf. Fitosterol on leaf sea grass is very potential that it had to explore in biology aspect. It's very important in supply steroid, to be contraception material and or medicine. This research aimed to knows the influence fitosterol of sea grass (Enhalus acoroides) to fertility of Mencit (Mus musculus) male ICR. There are four experiments (A0= control : just give it to mencit is suspension of fitosterol sea grass and A1, A2, A3 : give it to mencit is dose of fitosterol sea grass with each experiment are 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg per mencit). Rate of mencit in experiment are 60 mencit. The parameter of research are heavy of testis, epididimis and vesikula seminalis, rate and sperm mortality, and so conception from male mencit. Based on the results of that research has been done shows that the fitosterol of sea grass is making influence to mencit, like increasing of heavy of testis, epididimis and vesikula seminalis, and mortality of mencit. But it can decrease of sperm rate and conception of mencit. It's meaning that the higher dose of fitosterol can make lower of result.

Political philosophers have generally assumed that all residents of states are citizens, and vice versa. But the changing face of migration from permanent, 'settler' migration to temporary, multiple migration means that 'denizenship' – the state of being a resident non-citizen – can no longer be considered anomalous. Denizenship is clearly a less favourable status than citizenship. However, little has been done to explore this intuition. To the extent that immigration has been theorised, it has been according to three main dimensions. The first considers first admission, the second what rights denizens are entitled to, and the third what conditions states can set on citizenship acquisition. Part 1 of my thesis examines and identifies the limitations with these existing approaches. I argue that, by identifying the problem of denizenship with the absence of legal rights, the rights approach cannot specify the conditions under which it is problematic for denizens to enjoy fewer of the rights of citizenship. It also takes insufficient account of the way in which states lack the incentive to protect their non-citizen population. The citizenship acquisition approach, on the other hand, is not sensitive enough to deal with the different claims of vulnerable groups of migrants. In Part 2 I advance an alternative framework for addressing the problem of denizenship structured around the republican ideal of non-domination. First, I develop a conception of domination as dependence on unaccountable power. Second, I apply this conception to the case study of denizens and to different groups of vulnerable migrants. I find that denizens as a group are vulnerable to domination, and that they encompass vulnerability subgroups, including refugees and undocumented migrants. Finally, I outline features of a domination-reducing policy approach to migration. I suggest that domination can inform policies in four areas: improving the accountability of states to their non-citizen population; empowering denizens in their private relationships; reducing domination in immigration policy; and reducing arbitrariness in citizenship acquisition.

Within the globalization of the economy, the formalization of the metropolitan areas limits depends on the political association due to the regional context. Behind the importance of the cooperation agreement between urban areas, to ensure that the territory is reaching a critical weight to compete with other cities at the European scale, it appears as crucial that the population living within this area become aware of the new space coming out, which doesn't match with the traditional political and administrative borders. This concern can pass by the cultural or sportive event for a couple of days to several months. What is the prevalence of a mega-event on the construction of a metropolitan area? Which kind of sustainable consciousness of the metropolitan city can be done by a short-lived event? Will this heedfulness be uniform and the same everywhere within the territory: should it be different according to institutional actors and civil society? The case study of Lille 2004, European Capital of Culture allows us to highlight the evolutions giving by this kind of flagship event for the constitution and the consciousness of the metropolitan region of Lille. ; La définition du périmètre des aires métropolitaines fluctue au gré des alliances politiques et du contexte régional. Au-delà des accords entre villes pour constituer un territoire capable de s'imposer dans la compétition supranationale, il semble essentiel que les populations qui habitent ces territoires prennent conscience de ce nouvel espace qui ne s'aligne pas sur les frontières politico-administratives traditionnelles. Cette conscientisation peut passer par l'événement culturel ou sportif de quelques jours ou de quelques mois. Quel est l'impact d'un grand événementiel sur la formation d'une aire métropolitaine? Quelle conscientisation du périmètre de l'aire métropolitaine vécue l'éphémère peut-il induire durablement? La prise de conscience du territoire est-elle uniforme et homogène : ne se différencie-t-elle pas en fonction des acteurs institutionnels ou de la société civile? L'étude de Lille 2004, Capitale européenne de la Culture nous permettra de mettre en lumière l'évolution permise par ce grand événement pour la construction et la conscientisation de l'aire métropolitaine lilloise.

Objetivo Conocer el pensamiento de los precursores de la independencia de la Nueva Granada acerca de los problemas de salud de las poblaciones que habitaban el territorio en los años finales de dependencia política de España y relacionar sus ideas en ese campo con las corrientes de pensamiento social y político de la época. Metodología Se realizó un estudio histórico basado en los documentos escritos por los más reconocidos intelectuales que estimularon el proceso de independencia. Resultados Se encontraron opiniones que vinculaban el escaso poblamiento y la mala salud de los habitantes con la feracidad de nuestras selvas. Se hallaron conceptos que establecían relación estrecha entre el aseo personal y la salud de los niños, así como ideas acerca de la responsabilidad de los miasmas emanados de nuestras tierras pantanosas en la producción de enfermedades y epidemias. Conclusiones Los problemas de salud de las poblaciones fueron abordados por nuestros próceres como parte de su programa intelectual de organizar una sociedad que lograra el progreso y la producción de abundantes riquezas. Para ello se valieron de los conceptos de racionalidad y confianza en el conocimiento científico que desarrollaron los filósofos ilustrados europeos del siglo XVIII. ; Objective Ascertaining the "learned" forerunners of Colombian independence's thoughts about health problems in Nueva Granada's population during the last years of colonial Spanish government. Methodology Historical research was undertaken based on studying the personal writing of the intellectual elite who promoted the independence movement. Results Writing was found regarding the relationship between the population's unhealthy conditions and Nueva Granada's vast fertility. Some considerations concerning the importance of order and cleanliness in children's healthy development were also found. Their written opinions assigning great responsibility to the miasmas (pro-duced by decaying organic matter) in the occurrence of illness and epidemics was also found. Conclusions The learned forerunners dealt with population health problems as part of the intellectual challenge in helping to build a progressive society able to produce wealth and well-being. Their trust in human-beings' rational ability and in the great potential of scientific knowledge, inherited from the eighteen-century European enlightenment philosophers, served them as an intellectual foundation.

Context. The process of urban sprawl brings the human population and their domestic cats (Felis catus) in close contact with wildlife in areas that were previously remote, including reserves and conservation areas created to protect populations of vulnerable or threatened species. Various mitigation measures have been proposed, including devices designed to hinder cat hunting ability, desexing to reduce wandering and nuisance behaviours, containment at night or at all times and regulations governing cat ownership. Such regulations may aim to reduce cat densities by limiting the number of cats per household, or they may define zones around sensitive conservation areas where cat ownership is prohibited. Aims. The present study sought to establish the necessary size of cat-exclusion zones in rural and urban-fringe landscapes where vulnerable prey species may also reside. Methods. With GPS collars, we tracked 38 domestic cats at three sites (one rural, two urban fringe) where small reserves contained threatened lizard species. Key results. Home ranges (95% kernel density estimates) were considerably larger for cats at the rural site (0.3–69 ha) than at urban-fringe sites (0.35–19 ha at Kaitorete Spit and 0.2–9 ha at Otago Peninsula), and were larger at night than day. Resource selection ratios indicated avoidance of open areas with little cover, such as cultivated areas (farmland), tussock grassland and duneland, whereas sources of cover such as trees and buildings were preferred. Maximum distances moved and large variability between individual cats suggest buffers in rural landscapes would need to be at least 2.4 km wide, whereas those in urban-fringe habitat could be half as large. Conclusions. Despite significant home-range size differences exhibited by cats living in rural v. urban-fringe habitats, exclusion zones would need to be wide to account for considerable inter-cat variation in movement behaviour. Implications. The size of an effective cat-exclusion zone should represent the specific landscape, amount of residential development and substantial variability between individual cats.

Context Aggressive encounters, including those with venomous species, impose selective pressure on native species. Immediate lethal outcomes of these encounters have been the primary focus of research in this field. However, not all aggressive interactions result in immediate mortality, and indirect consequences of aggressive interactions may be an equally important but under-considered selective force. The red imported fire ant is a globally important venomous invader that imposes novel selective pressure on native communities. Aims We examined indirect effects of fire ant envenomation on native fence lizard growth rates and subsequent survival. Methods Fence lizards are subject to fire ant envenomation in the field when they eat fire ants (they are stung inside the mouth) and through fire ant attack (they are stung on the body). We quantified body sizes of adult lizards from fire ant-invaded and uninvaded sites. We then experimentally exposed hatchling fence lizards to the two modes of fire ant envenomation, and quantified their growth and survival over 1 year. Key results Lizards from fire ant-invaded sites were smaller than those from an uninvaded site, even at similar latitudes. However, in contrast to studies on other native taxa, we found no effect of fire ant venom on growth rates of lizards from naïve or fire ant-invaded populations. Lizards exposed to fire ant venom, through both eating and attack, experienced higher rates of delayed mortality, with 34% of lizards dying 1–11 weeks post-envenomation compared with 12% of lizards in the control treatment. These patterns were true for fire ant naïve populations as well as those exposed to fire ants for ~35 generations. Conclusions These results suggest that the smaller body sizes observed in fence lizards from fire ant-invaded sites are not a consequence of exposure to fire ant venom. However, fence lizards from both sites suffer delayed survival costs of fire ant envenomation. Implications The present study highlights the importance of considering indirect fitness consequences of aggressive encounters if we are to fully understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these interactions, and adequately manage and predict the impacts of invasive species.

Background: It can be assumed that resettlers (ethnic German immigrants from the Former Soviet Union) show similar smoking patterns as persons in their countries of origin at the time of migration. We analysed how the smoking prevalence among resettlers differs from that among the general population of Germany and whether the prevalence differs between groups with increasing duration of stay. Methods: To estimate the smoking prevalence we used the scientific-use-file (n = 477,239) of the German 2005 microcensus, an annual census representing 1% of all German households. Participation in the microcensus is obligatory (unit-nonresponse <7%). We stratified the prevalence of smoking among resettlers and the comparison group (population of Germany without resettlers) by age, sex, educational level and duration of stay. In total, 14,373 (3% of the total) persons were identified as resettlers. Results: Female resettlers with short duration of stay had a significantly lower smoking prevalence than women in the comparison group. With increasing duration of stay their smoking prevalence appears to converge to that of the comparison group (e.g.: high educational level, age group 25-44 years: short duration of stay 15%, long duration of stay 24%, comparison group 28%). In contrast, the smoking prevalence among male resettlers with short duration of stay was significantly higher than that among men in the comparison group, but also with a trend towards converging (e.g.: high educational level, age group 25-44 years: short duration of stay 44%, long duration of stay 35%, comparison group 36%). Except for female resettlers with short duration of stay, the participants with low educational level had on average a higher smoking prevalence than those with a high educational level. Conclusions: This is the first study estimating the smoking prevalence among resettlers by duration of stay. The results support the hypothesis that resettlers brought different smoking habits from their countries of origin shortly after migration. The observed convergence of the smoking habits with increasing duration of stay is in line with the hypothesis of migration as 'health transition'. However, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar los determinantes de la elección de administradora de pensiones. Utilizando información del sistema de ahorro individual entre 1998 y 2005, y aplicando la técnica de cointegración panel, se encuentra evidencia de que la tasa de retorno real de los fondos y la población ocupada son los determinantes principales del número de cotizantes a las distintas administradoras de fondos de pensiones. El valor promedio del fondo, utilizado como proxy de otras variables como la capacidad que tiene cada administradora de difundir su producto y de contactar potenciales afiliados, no resultó significativo. Palabras clave: Administradora de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP), rentabilidad, cointegración panel. Clasificación JEL: G23, C23. Abstract: This paper is aimed at studying the main determinants of people's choice of a pension fund manager. By using information of the individual saving system (the private system) between 1998 and 2005, and applying panel cointegration techniques, the paper provides evidence in the sense that the rate of return and the employed population are the main determinants of the number of active participants to the different pension fund managers. The average value of the fund, used as a proxy of other variables such as the manager's capability to promote their product and contact potential participants, was not significant. Keywords: Pension Fund Managers, return, panel cointegration. JEL classification: G23, C23. Résumé: Cet article étudie les déterminants du choix d'une caisse de retraite. Nous utilisons l'information obtenue à partir du système d'épargne individuelle entre 1998 et 2005. Nous appliquons la technique de cointégration sur données de panel pour montrer que le taux d'escompte réel des fonds et la population occupée sont les déterminants principaux du nombre de cotisants aux différentes caisses de retraites. La valeur moyenne du fond n'est pas significative lorsqu'on utilise un proxy d'autres variables comme la capacité de chaque caisse à commercialiser son produit et à se rapprocher des clients potentiels. Mots clés: Caisse de retraites, rentabilité, cointégration sur données de panel. Classification JEL: G23, C23.

This study investigates the transitioning terms of lesbian visibility and identity in the distinctive spatio-temporal context of Northampton, Massachusetts in the 1980s. Drawing on interviews with a diversified sampling of lesbian-, bisexual-, and queeridentified participants, I consider the coalescing of two lesbian communal formations – a social community and a social audience – as mediating sites for the interrelations between subculture and dominant culture. Informed by the literatures and methods of queer theory, cultural studies, and feminist film criticism, I examine the 1980s queer crossover from lesbian subcultural separatism to mitigated assimilation by the end of the decade. The 1980s crossover was a constellation of interlocking factors manifested through the entrance into national visibility of gay liberatory and feminist politics, the incorporation of overt lesbian sexuality into Hollywood and independent films, and the surfacing of the conservative and feminist backlashes alongside "Reaganomics." These converged in an anti-lesbian backlash produced in Northampton in the 1980s through the interrelations between the rapid revitalization of the city's downtown and the increasing visibility and concentration of the lesbian population. The emergence into public visibility of a lesbian social community and a lesbian social audience in 1980s Northampton prefigured questions about the desirability of a goal of cultural assimilation for lesbian and gay people along with concerns about the role of consumption in the assimilative process that were to become important to LGBT politics in the 1990s and 2000s. In this project, I consider the multidimensional and conflictual aspects of assimilation as well as the gender-specificities of lesbian film consumption and the lesbian Sex Wars as part of the crossover from subcultural separatism to mitigated assimilation. In spite of the strides in the acceptance of the lesbian population in Northampton in the 1980s, I argue that such changes were laden with tensions negotiated through the contradictions between appearances of tolerance and acceptance versus experiences of discrimination and violence. The constellation of factors that manifested in the 1980s queer crossover provided symbolic materials not only for a realignment of lesbian subjectivity, but also for a realignment of heterosexual subjectivity.

In today's global world, people move more, move further, and move for increasingly varied reasons, such as work, study or the search for exoticism. Seeking health care away from one's home is a part of this trend and many patients these days do not hesitate to cross borders or to cover sometimes thousands of kilometers in order to consult a well-known doctor or to benefit from a fast, high-quality and cheap health-care service. Our study concerns the questions raised by patients' movements at a regional scale, more precisely in the Lao-Thai border area where new behaviors are appearing around health care mobility. Lao nationals are crossing the border to seek health care in Thai hospitals in ever increasing numbers. A sizeable part of the population is involved in this practice, which is connected to the recent political and cultural opening of Laos and at the same time emphasizes the development gap between the two countries. Border discontinuity between the two countries is reflected by a medical discontinuity which helps explain these movements, facilitated also by the proximity and historical links of the populations living along the Mekong. What does this mobility reveal regarding the socio-economic and political reality of the Lao-Thai border area and what light can it shed on the relationship between the two countries? How is the cross-border territory being reconstructed in the new era? We use health movements as a means to analyze the socio-territorial dynamics of the Lao-Thai border area. Moreover, this study through health indicators is one way to both renew and re-inform our reflections on the notion of border. ; Dans le monde globalisé contemporain, les hommes sont de plus en plus mobiles pour des motifs aussi divers que la recherche d'un emploi, la poursuite des études ou encore la quête d'exotisme. La santé n'échappe pas à cette tendance et ainsi certains malades n'hésitent pas à traverser les frontières et à parcourir parfois des milliers de kilomètres pour consulter tel médecin renommé, ...

Oyster tongers are a cultural icon of Florida's maritime heritage and geography. Challenged for generations by the vagaries of weather, including catastrophic storms and years-long droughts, and economic uncertainties this maritime heritage is fading fast. While Florida's north and west coasts produce 90 percent of the Florida oyster harvest and ten percent of oysters consumed in the United States, the industry is at risk today for reasons including a declining demand for Florida oysters because of health concerns; water pollution; population growth and its accompanying development of condominiums, gated communities, and retail shopping centers; and declining interest in the hard work of oystering as a livelihood. This work investigates those challenges to Florida's Gulf Coast oyster industry through the lens of a twenty-first century consumer. I examine why the U.S. Department of Agriculture considers raw oysters a significant challenge to public health and how local, state, and federal government regulations, along with cooperative efforts of the seafood industry, offset the potential for oysters to convey foodborne illness to human consumers. The fact that raw oysters carry a high propensity for conveying bacterial disease makes them a unique marketing challenge, especially outside of months that have an r in them. As a subject of culinary tourism, Florida oystering maintains an iconic iv v maritime heritage. The labor force of the commercial oystering business has ranged widely—from migrant mothers working with toddlers at their side and their school-age children forgoing education for shucking oysters at the turn of the twentieth century to a new, Hispanic work force whose strong work ethic heartily satisfies oyster processors as local interest for the hard work in the industry declines. The threat to sustainability of both the working traditions of the Apalachicola oyster folk, and the oysters themselves as a bountiful resource, grows in direct proportion to the environmental pressures fostered by rapid and poorly-regulated population growth. A legitimate question might be, given the difficulties of the work and challenges to the industry, is it worth the state's effort to help sustain this industry?

International audience ; Many mountains on the five continents are served by railway lines whose main ambition is to offer a continuous and reliable service to remote communities, in difficult physical and meteorological conditions. They are relatively short (up to 150 km), and their construction needed authentic technical performances, with audacious bridges, viaducts and tunnels. They have used innovative technologies for the period of construction.These original lines offer a permanent public service very much appreciated by local populations. Their preservation is from now on consensual, even if the interests of the different players (operators, infrastructure managers, local politicians, etc.) are not convergent in all cases. The recent multiplication of the requests for classification by UNESCO (World Heritage) proves that the preservation of these lines is not anymore the only objective : the railway line becomes the basis of a touristic and cultural valorisation of the adjoining territories, with the use of a label universally recognized. ; Un certain nombre de massifs des cinq continents sont parcourus par des lignes dont la principale ambition est d'offrir un service continu et fiable au profit de communautés parfois assez isolées, dans des conditions physiques et climatiques difficiles. Elles sont relativement courtes (moins de 150 km), et elles ont donné lieu pour leur réalisation à d'authentiques exploits techniques, avec d'audacieux ouvrages d'art et le recours à des technologies très novatrices pour l'époque de construction.La préservation de ces lignes originales, qui assurent un service public permanent très apprécié des populations locales, fait désormais l'objet d'un large consensus. Les intérêts des opérateurs et gestionnaires d'infrastructures, des acteurs économiques et des élus locaux ne sont pas forcément convergents. Cela dit, l'ouverture des marchés ferroviaires fait arriver sur le marché des opérateurs spécialisés dans la valorisation des lignes à potentiel touristique, dont l'action volontariste peut changer la donne.La floraison récente de demandes de classement au titre du Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité (UNESCO) montre qu'il ne s'agit plus seulement de préserver, mais aussi de faire de ces lignes la base d'une valorisation touristique et culturelle des territoires desservis, en profitant d'un label internationalement reconnu.