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This book maps out, from a variety of theoretical standpoints, the challenges generated by European integration and EU citizenship for community membership, belonging and polity-making beyond the state. It does so by focusing on three main issues of relevance for how EU citizenship has developed and its capacity to challenge state sovereignty and authority as the main loci of creating and delivering rights and protection. First, it looks at the relationship between citizenship of the Union and European identity and assesses how immigration and access to nationality in the Member States impact.

Scripted states and changes in governance / Bengt Jacobsson -- Europeanization and organization theory / Bengt Jacobsson -- Rituals of inquisition. European Commission monitoring of accession processes / Matilda Dahl -- Governance through meditation. EU twinning in Lithuania / Jenny Svensson -- Opening up for change: modernizing public administration in the Baltic States / Eva Granqvist and Emma Wallin -- Europeanization of labor market policy-making in the Baltic States / Kerstin Jacobsson and Charlotte West -- The choice of parliamentary EU scrutiny mechanisms in the new member states / Ann-Cathrine Jungar -- Scripted parties: the case of Estonian social democracy / Karl Magnus Johansson -- Soft powers (in a community of the willing) / Bengt Jacobsson and Anders Nordstrom.

One of the most striking changes contained in the Maastricht Treaty was the establishment of a de jure `citizenship of the Union'. For the first time since the Roman Empire, peoples of Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern Europe share a common legal citizenship status. The significance of this development is potentially profound, yet it is one of the least discussed aspects of the Maastricht Treaty. In this book Stephen Hall examines the legal implications of establishing a European citizenship. He shows that Community law has never given unqualified effect to the Member States' dispositions of their nationalities, and that the Member States have had their sovereign power to confer and withdraw their nationalities qualified by the Maastricht Treaty. The book goes on to discuss the implications of Union citizenship on Community migration rights, demonstrating that the new non-economic migration rights for Union citizens are directly effective but that they are subject to a range of important limitations and conditions. Among these conditions is a residual constitutional power, contingently retained by the Member States to derogate from Community rights on the grounds of national or public security

Introduction -- An overview of the free movement of persons, services, establishment and goods -- Direct effect and state liability -- European law, litigation and the ECJ -- Introduction to competition law -- Anti-competitive agreements Article 81 of the EC treaty -- Abuse of a dominant position Article 82 -- The member state and its role in the economy Article 86 -- Mergers -- Procedural and enforcement aspects of EC competition law -- State aid -- Public procurement -- European private international law -- General and exclusive jurisdictional rules in the EU -- Special and procedural jurisdictional rules in the EU -- Recognition and enforcement of judgments in the EU -- Choice of law rules

Останнім часом зростає значення міжнародної співпраці у сфері освіти, використання передового досвіду закладів вищої освіти країн Євросоюзу. Наголошується, що важливу роль у мотиваційному процесі заохочення як механізму впливу на професійне самовдосконалення викладачів іноземних мов відіграє своя, діяча в кожній країні Євросоюзу, система заохочень. Системи заохочень відображають як професійну діяльність окремої особистості, так і історичний розвиток країни. Заохочення є позитивно стимулюючим впливом на потреби, інтереси, свідомість, волю, поведінку викладачів іноземної мови, а також на результати їх праці. Заохочення викликає зацікавленість особистості в отримані певних соціальних благ і використовується у випадках досягнення результатів у своїй професійній діяльності. ; Recently, the importance of international cooperation in education, the use of the best practices of higher education institutions in the European Union, the development of pedagogical skills and professional activities to organize the process of foreign language teaching has been growing, so the issue of encouragement as a mechanism of influence on the professional development of foreign language teachers is relevant. It is noted that organization of higher education in the European Union has both much in common and in different. It is stated that the professional development of foreign language teachers in the European Union is a dynamic and continuous process that lasts throughout their activities. An important place is given to the motivation of teachers to self-improvement in order to achieve the highest level of professionalism. Teachers' self-improvement allows them to deepen their professional competence by understanding the social and cultural dimensions of education, based on their own needs and requirements of society. It is determined that any culture finds its unique reflection in the language, as well as in the study of the cultural heritage of the people, which is enshrined in their language as a reflection of the spiritual world of humans and their culture. It is emphasized that an important role in the motivational process of encouragement as a mechanism for influencing the professional selfimprovement of foreign language teachers is played by the current system of encouragements in each European Union country. Encouragement systems reflect both the professional activity of an individual and the historical development of the country. Encouragement is a positive stimulating effect on the needs, interests, consciousness, will, behavior of foreign language teachers, as well as on the results of their work. Encouragement arouses the interest of the individual in obtaining certain social benefits and is used in cases of achieving results in own professional activities. Encouragement is used for successful performance of professional duties, important tasks, long-term work and is a mechanism of influence on the development of professional self-improvement. The analysis of scientific works on the problem under research shows that in the European Union countries national educational traditions are combined, that the motivational process for self-improvement depends on individual characteristics, age, pedagogical experience, scientific degree, position and is encouraged by the relevant stimulating moral (expression of gratitude, rewarding with certificate of appreciation, etc.) and material (rewarding with a gift, additional payments, financial awards, grants, etc.) systems of payment for work. The system of additional payments is non-uniform not only in the universities of different European Union countries, but also within a specific higher education institution. Teachers can be nominated for state awards for outstanding merit to the country. State awards are the highest form of recognition for high merit in the development of education, science, economy, culture. State awards are established exclusively by the laws of each country.

The spirit of Pontignano? / Lorenzo Gaeta -- Methodological introduction / Edoardo Ales -- Contingent work : a conceptual framework / Antonio Lo Faro -- Equal treatment as a problem : Germany and agency work / Olaf Deinert -- Making contingent work conditional : fixed term and temporary agency contracts in Belgian law / Filip Dorssemont -- Externalising the workforce : lessons from France / Pascal Lokiec -- Do we really wish you were here? Hungary and distance work / Erika Kovács -- Re-structuring the standard employment relationship : Italy and the increasing protection contract / Maurizio del Conte -- Re-addressing self-employment : Spain and the new entrepreneurship / Jos Manuel Gómez Muñoz -- Inverting the flexicurity paradigm : the United Kingdom and the zero hours contract / Jeff Kenner -- Collective regulation of contingent work : from traditional forms of contingent work to crowdwork ? a German perspective / Johannes Heuschmid Thomas Klebe -- Does age matter? Sweden, younger and older workers and the intergenerational dimension of contingent work / Mia Rnnmar -- Social protection of contingent work : Austria and the full coverage social insurance system / Franz Marhold -- The risk approach in occupational health and safety (with an eye to Italy) : alternative or complement to the core/contingent approach? / Edoardo Ales -- Contingent work and social cohesion : some outcomes and one proposal / Edoardo Ales and Olaf Deinert

"This book is at home in the offices of everyone concerned about Corporate Social Responsibility. For scholars, lawyers, and accountants this book offers a compelling account of all the newest 'business and human rights' material in our polarised world. For litigators, judges, and other dispute settlers, it uncovers power dynamics that serve as barriers to justice"--