Suchergebnisse

Currently, Albania, our homeland, is involved in the integration processes for membership in the European Union. European integration processes should first of all be understood as processes: achieving standards, adaptation and legal, structural, curricular improvements, etc. The Albanian education system is also part of these processes. The education system, especially in recent years, has been and continues to be part of programs and political, academic, scientific and educational programs and projects of the dominant actors of Albanian society for its reform and adaptation to the education systems of European societies, within Albania's ambitions for integration and membership.The teacher is the main actor of the educational process. It is necessary for the teacher to redefine his position in this constantly changing and integrating society, to empower and acquire new competencies.I think it is very interesting to discuss and research on re-dimensioning the position of teachers regarding the competencies of educating democratic citizens that they should gain in this period of reforms and European integration. The idea of the study is: Today's children can learn better if teachers focus more on activating their strengths than on identifying their weaknesses. Students should be evaluated not only on the basis of the results achieved, but, above all, on the basis of the capacity to fully address life situations.

Recent studies highlight the potential impact of earthquakes on cultural heritage sites and monuments, which in turn yield significant adverse impacts on economies, politics, and societies. Several aspects such as building materials, structural responses, and restoration strategies must be considered in the conservation of heritage structures. Timber is an old organic construction material. Most of the historic timber structures were not designed to withstand seismic forces; therefore, the seismic vulnerability assessment of heritage timber structures in areas with high seismic hazard is essential for their conservation. For this purpose, different strategies for the numerical modeling of heritage timber buildings have been developed and validated against tests results. After performing seismic analysis using detailed analytical methods and predicting the susceptible structural components, strengthening techniques should be utilized to mitigate the risk level. To this aim, various methods using wooden components, composite material, steel components, SMA etc., have been utilized and tested and are reviewed in this study. There are still some gaps, such as full-scale numerical modeling of strengthened buildings and investigating the soil–structure interaction effects on the seismic behavior of buildings that should be investigated. ; This work is a part of the HYPERION project. HYPERION has received funding from the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon 2020) under grant agreement No 821054. ; publishedVersion

At present, algorithms are becoming the heart of society by taking control over the decision-making process as societies are increasingly getting digitalised. There is a consistent theme that an unaccountable, black box technology has taken over the stage and is now making decisions for us, with us, and about us. But the contention around public participation in making decisions in science and technology needs to advance to a stage where there is a more direct conversation between the public and those developing the technologies. With the above mentioned conception of moderating emerging technologies' development, primarily digital technology due to its overreaching effects on humans and what humans interpret it to be. Firstly, the research through a literature survey is aimed to understand the meaning and nuances of the word algorithm. Then the analysis based on case study is focused on the algorithmic questions, such as bias, privacy, design, transparency, and accountability. In a larger context, concerns over jobs, ways of social interactions, etc., had been discussed, since these concerns are the result of the application of algorithms. The analysis of academic literature pointed out the vital facet of multiple understanding of the word algorithm. Further, the research also emphasizes the meaning of philosophy and politics in technology and its non-neutral nature.

The article analyzes the similarity between the Chinese "Harmony Culture" and the Russian "Sobornost", which are the core of the national traditional culture and remain active and radiate vitality in the new era. The first part of the article analyzes the origins and content of the concepts of "Harmony Culture" and "Sobornost". The Chinese "Harmony Culture" dates to the eight trigrams in ancient times, advocates harmony, "All under heaven are of one family", "Harmonious but different", "Golden mean", etc. The notion of "Sobornost" goes back to the cathedral or village community, advocates unity, solidarity, tolerance, cooperation. The second part of the article analyzes the manifestation of the concepts of "Harmony Culture" and "Sobornost" in modern societies. In modern China, "Harmony Culture" is embodied in the goal of building a "Harmonious Socialist Society" and in the diplomatic concept of building a "Community of Human Destiny". In modern Russia, the "Sobornost" is embodied in Putin's "idea of new Russia" and various policies to revive "Russian traditional culture". There is a high coherence and correspondence between the two concepts, which is an important ideological source to deepening mutual understanding between Russia and China, steadily developing Sino-Russian relations in the new era and preserving long-term peace on earth. The Russian and Chinese governments will be able to find common ground and overcome their differences.

Religion is predicted to dissipate from social significance through the processes of development or economic modernization. Classical secularization theory forecasted religion in the modern era will face some circumstances such as 1) the decline of personal faith, religious beliefs and practices; and (2) the retreat of religion from public space (Cassanova: 1994, 2010). However, the supporters of secularization and modernization theories failed to notice that religion did not disappear from the public sphere. The opposite occurs in Southeast Asia. Economic development program and modernization could work hand-in-hand with religion in the region (Feener and Fountain: 2018).In the context of Indonesia, the issue of religion has gone through ups and downs. The story of Indonesia's revival of Islam had been begun when the country experienced anti-communist campaigns of 1965-66 (McVey: 2006). Since then, the government obliged all of its societies to profess one of Indonesia's recognized religions: Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, and Hinduism (now Confucianism has been added to the list) (Qurtuby: 2013). The pressure for all citizens to embrace one particular recognized religion resulted in great conversion from local religions/faiths—Hindu, Buddha, abangan, etc.—to Islam (Hefner: 1987a, 1987b, 1989; cf. Beatty: 1999). It then witnesses rapid growth of the grassroots Islam and the spread of Islamization (Houben: 2003).

The introduction of the multicultural principles in education is a result of common processes of modern societies' democratization, requirements for law and respect of the Human Rights and Liberties, the process of globalization and the economic, technological, and cultural connection among peoples and countries.Multicultural education presents educational program which does not concern only certain minorities, but it also refers to the social groups as a whole, no matter big or small. It refers to every social group which has distinctive culture and to the disparate relations and attitudes that a group develops toward other peoples' cultures. Some authors point out different models regarding multicultural education in Europe and the USA. Different attitudes towards multiculturalism in Europe and the USA arise from various conditions and situations of minorities.Along with these distinctions go the disparities in educational policy and attitudes towards multicultural education, values, needs, operationalization, etc. If the 'educational ideal' means formation of new citizen that would live in multicultural society, than 'additional' programs for education of children based on interculturalism and multiculturalism must be created. The subject matters of the 'additional' programs should be incorporated in every general educational subject. Schools should play an important role in encouraging multiculturalism, especially the multinational schools, because they are concrete educational institutions where children are taught proper behavior.

Abstract
The interpretation of civilization has always been controversial, and it is even difficult for academic circles to distinguish between civilization and culture. Researchers often use the method of scientific induction to generalize and define civilization from their respective angles. In fact, the concept of civilization is very complicated and difficult to explain from a single perspective. This article attempts to explore the multiple interpretations of civilization from the forward and reverse interaction of civilization development, different perspectives of civilization interpretation such as history, literature, and language, and the problem consciousness of civilization interpretation. From the perspective of history, civilization is formed by a series of specific historic events and social changes. From that of literature, civilization transcends specific historical events, is formed in the process of replacing old and new societies, and is of universal significance. Interpreted from the perspective of language signs, civilization is only an expression of human language signs, which are carriers of civilization, etc. As human society continues to develop, the interpretation of civilization continues to change. The meaning of civilization cannot be determined. We can only approach it through constant questioning and exploration. Because the understanding of civilization is multi-perspective, the interpretation of civilization is dynamic.

The article addresses issues concerning objective, or systemic, violence which legitimizes and conditions other forms of violence – psychological, economic, sexual, physical, etc. These issues are approached from the perspective of frustrations and traumas experienced by individuals as a consequence of the shift of the sociohistorical paradigm, which has so far been principally governed by the mechanisms and interests of global postindustrial capitalism. Through the analysis of the status of reality and subject in A Tale for the Time Being, a 2013 novel by Japanese-American author Ruth Ozeki, I first identify the violent and traumatic aspects of contemporary conditions as experienced by the protagonists in the novel. Then, Ozeki's literary scenario for improving quotidian existence of individuals via internalization of Dogen's Zen Buddhist principles is assessed from the perspective of the philosophical definitions of the categories of subject and reality in postmodernity, as well as in relation to the actual conditions in the global consumerist societies of the digital age. The article maintains that Ozeki's solution of the protagonists' existential crises is rather significant since the fundamental premises of Zen Buddhism correspond to the metaphysical structuring of postmodernity. The novel hence illuminates the productive facets of the fractal nature of postmodern individuals, as well as the role literature can play in their concretisation.

The article addresses issues concerning objective, or systemic, violence which legitimizes and conditions other forms of violence – psychological, economic, sexual, physical, etc. These issues are approached from the perspective of frustrations and traumas experienced by individuals as a consequence of the shift of the sociohistorical paradigm, which has so far been principally governed by the mechanisms and interests of global postindustrial capitalism. Through the analysis of the status of reality and subject in A Tale for the Time Being, a 2013 novel by Japanese-American author Ruth Ozeki, I first identify the violent and traumatic aspects of contemporary conditions as experienced by the protagonists in the novel. Then, Ozeki's literary scenario for improving quotidian existence of individuals via internalization of Dogen's Zen Buddhist principles is assessed from the perspective of the philosophical definitions of the categories of subject and reality in postmodernity, as well as in relation to the actual conditions in the global consumerist societies of the digital age. The article maintains that Ozeki's solution of the protagonists' existential crises is rather significant since the fundamental premises of Zen Buddhism correspond to the metaphysical structuring of postmodernity. The novel hence illuminates the productive facets of the fractal nature of postmodern individuals, as well as the role literature can play in their concretisation.

ABSTRACT: The world boasts a rather rich experience with regard to both public function itself and public function institution, hence civil servant category. Public servants appeared along with the organised state, a relevant culture, even a patrimony developing throughout millennia and centuries. Civil servants (even if not always called as such) have existed in all societies all over the world. Certainly, the meaning of this concept and of civil service differed in time. For some, civil servants were a kind of clerks dealing with the paperwork needed in the relation of the powerful with their subjects, of the authorities with the citizens, for others they included state administration, clerks in ministries, those responsible with tax collection, more or less all those remunerated from the state budget, except dignitaries and military. Presently, all states have civil servants who work in keeping organic laws which regulate the activity pertaining to the operation of a state, to public order and to state security, to optimising the relationships between authorities and citizens etc. In Romania, the activity of civil servants is regulated by Law no 188/1999, amended in 2018, on the Statue of Civil Servants, and by Law no 156/2018 amending Law no 188/1999. KEYWORDS: bodies, civil servant, citizen, public administration, public function, state

Abstract
Social and territorial inequalities take on new dimensions in times of economic recession. The impact of the crisis on policies aimed at achieving equity in access to opportunities and the provision of public services has been particularly acute in rural areas of Southern Europe. This article analyses the role that mobility, household composition and family networks play in the strategies that social groups use when facing such periods of uncertainty. We first analyse the changes in the forms of rural governance and in policies aimed at rural territories and societies. Second, we look at the role that mobility and rural households have historically played in strategies of resistance in times of crisis. The plasticity that family and household forms offer in shaping relations of intergenerational solidarity – caring for dependents, material assistance, etc. – is an essential resource in these strategies. These issues are illustrated with examples from fieldwork carried out in the Pyrenees in the region of Navarre. In contrast to the traditional equivalence assumed between the family as a kinship group, the home as a domestic partnership and the household as a space of single residency, our analysis sees them as independent. Our research shows that, in the adaptive strategies of family groups, mobility, networks between homes and the advantages of territorial localization play an essential role.

This report is the result of a survey conducted at DGS on the initiative of the Association of Directors-General of the Communities of France and the Caisse des Dépôts Group, in partnership with the Technical, Territory and Societies Laboratory of the Ecole des Ponts. The aim of the survey is to understand the professional features of this group of territorial leaders: training, expression of community building, vision of the inter-municipal "project", organisation of tasks, link with policy, etc. It offers an analysis of the know-how and be Directors-General of the Communities and a decryption of the foundations of their profession, at a time when the job is still to evolve. ; Ce rapport est le fruit d'une enquête menée auprès de DGS, à l'initiative de l'Association des Directeurs Généraux des Communautés de France et du Groupe Caisse des Dépôts, en partenariat avec le laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés de l'École des Ponts. L'enquête a pour ambition d'appréhender les traits professionnels de ce groupe de dirigeants territoriaux : formation, expression de la construction communautaire, vision du « projet » intercommunal, organisation des tâches, lien avec le politique. Elle propose une analyse des savoir-faire et savoir-être des directeurs généraux de communautés et un décryptage des fondements de leur métier, à un moment où celui-ci est encore appelé à évoluer.

Abstract
The term 'governance', in the social sciences as well as in political practice, has emerged as a result of a crisis of interventionist thinking. Post-interventionist theories and concepts of pluralist societies had raised questions that the idea of governance promised to answer by replacing more rigid concepts of social steering by new ideas of cooperation, negotiation, coproduction, hybrid communication, self-regulation, network, etc. It is not so much this often-criticized blurriness of the semantics of governance that provokes questions again, but rather the specific amalgamation of social theory and practice connected to governance. As an effect of this amalgamation, the 'social-scientification' of sovereignty and control tends to produce two contradictory effects. Besides the traditional guarantee of freedom, usually connected with a strong rule of law, a very far-reaching pressure and demand of cooperation and participation are becoming powerful, closely guarded under the surface of the brave new world of governance. Against this background, the recollection of the functional nucleus of governance is suggested with the term 'regulation' and with a particular emphasis on certain delegalizing effects of governance. The intention of this proposal is neither to dismiss the perspective of governance in toto, nor to revert to interventionist concepts, but rather to set the stage for a dispassionate and detached analysis of law and politics.

Национальные конкурентные преимущества позволяют государству динамично развиваться в условиях неустойчивости посткризисного мира. Динамические способности государства являются значимым условием формирования национальных конкурентных преимуществ и воплощаются в политике развития посредством институтов развития. Факторы реализации динамических способностей государства через формирование институтов развития можно условно разделить на три типа: политические, управленческие, когнитивные. Библиогр. 28 назв. ; In post-crisis world the ability of modern state to compete on the international level depends on its capacity to be flexible and proactive in instable environment (in decision-making process, carrying out the reforms, etc.). Nowadays, development institutes play the role of forming factor of the state's dynamic capacities (i.e. capacity to develop and to be competitive). They are norms, rules and organizational structures facilitating creation of national competitive advantages. We argue that there can be named three basic factors of dynamic capacities' realization: political (political regime, direction of policy), administrative (open system of public administration, education of civil servants) and cognitive (education and usage of innovations in different spheres of the government activity). Each factor is carried out with the help of special development institutes. The balance of resort to all types of development institutes is a necessary condition for keeping the national competitive advantages. Human capital is one of the basic conditions for forming development institutes in the modern societies. Refs 28.

The present Yearbook (which is the fourth in the series) is subtitled Trends & Cycles. Already ancient historians (see, e.g., the second Chapter of Book VI of Polybius' Histories) described rather well the cyclical component of historical dynamics, whereas new interesting analyses of such dynamics also appeared in the Medieval and Early Modern periods (see, e.g., Ibn Khaldūn 1958 [1377], or
Machiavelli 1996 [1531]1). This is not surprising as the cyclical dynamics was dominant in the agrarian social systems. With modernization, the trend dynamics became much more pronounced and these are trends to which the students of modern societies pay more attention. Note that the term trend – as regards its contents and application – is tightly connected with a formal mathematical analysis. Trends may be described by various equations – linear, exponential, power-law, etc. On the other hand, the cliodynamic research has demonstrated that the cyclical historical dynamics can be also modeled mathematically in a rather effective way (see, e.g., Usher 1989; Chu and Lee 1994; Turchin 2003, 2005a, 2005b; Turchin and Korotayev 2006; Turchin and Nefedov 2009; Nefedov
2004; Korotayev and Komarova 2004; Korotayev, Malkov, and Khaltourina
2006; Korotayev and Khaltourina 2006; Korotayev 2007; Grinin 2007),
whereas the trend and cycle components of historical dynamics turn out to be of equal importance.